一、INSTITUTE OF MULTIPURPOSE UTILIZATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES——THE SUMMARY OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH WORK（论文文献综述）
JIMOH SAHEED OLAIDE[1]（2020）在《生态补奖政策和畜牧业生产风险对牧户放牧行为的影响 ——中国内蒙古实证研究》文中认为草地退化是中国北方地区面临的主要环境问题,超载过牧是造成草地退化的主要原因。为了实现草地生态的恢复,中国政府根据草地退化的程度,在各地了实施以禁牧和草畜平衡为主要内容的草原生态补奖政策和措施。然而,纵观国内外研究进展,关于牧民超载过牧行为的社会生态驱动因素的研究还很薄弱。本文基于风险的角度对中国北方草原牧户超载过牧行为的驱动因素进行实证研究。主要内容包括:（1）第一轮草原生态补奖政策实施期内内蒙古草原牧民超载过牧行为;（2）牧民补饲行为对草场超载率的影响;（3）牧民草地流转行为、影响因素及其与草场载畜量和家庭收入的关系;（4）牧区可持续发展视角下牧民畜牧业生产和市场化的生计策略选择。本研究以2010年（1000户）和2015（900户）年在内蒙古自治区草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原、沙地草原、草原化荒漠5大草原类型区以及2018年（450户）在草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原3大草原类型区的牧户入户调研面板数据为样本,采用多元线性回归模型、逐步多元线性回归模型、多项逻辑回归、方差分析、皮尔逊相关、描述性统计等计量研究方法开展上述四方面研究。研究结果如下:（1）第一轮草地生态补奖政策实施前,牧户家庭承包草地面积、生活成本和草地流转面积对草场载畜率具有显着影响;政策实施后,牧户家庭承包草地面积和草地流转面积对草场载畜率呈显着影响。无论补奖政策实施前和后,牧户草场均处于超载放牧状态,表明草原生态补奖政策并没有完全实现降低草场载畜率的政策设计目标。但政策的实施消除了生活成本对超载的驱动影响作用,反映了政策对牧民的生计福利是有积极影响的。（2）内蒙古草原牧户最主要的补饲饲料为干草,其他补饲饲料与当地生态条件有关。牧户草场载畜率与干草补饲量呈正相关。荒漠和沙地草原的牧户草场载畜率与谷物和颗粒料的补饲量呈负相关,谷物和颗粒料补饲量呈此消彼长的关系。5种草原类型中,只有草甸草原的干草成本在2010年和2015年存在显着差异。补饲并不是超载的驱动因素,在干旱年份补饲有助于缓冲对草地的过度利用并起到保护草地的作用,在丰水年牧民以利用草地资源为主。（3）草地流转（入）与牧户家庭承包草地面积、户主年龄以及非牧生计时间呈负相关,而与生活成本、贷款金额和雪灾发生率呈正相关。草地流入率高和中等的牧户比草地流入率较低的牧户其畜牧业收入高而且草场载畜率低,草地流入率较低的牧户其饲养牲畜的草地资源短缺。畜群结构多样化的牧户其牲畜产仔率较高。（4）畜牧业生产市场化对牧户选择纯牧业生计策略具有显着影响。具体为:草场流转、牲畜价格和草场载畜率与牧户选择纯牧业生计策略呈正相关关系。牧户感知的最大的市场风险是牲畜、干草和玉米价格的波动。较高的牲畜价格对牧户选择非牧户生计策略具有负面影响。政策建议:（1）为有效降低载畜率,实现保护草原生态的目标,需积极吸取自下而上的政策建议,并加强村级单元适应性保护草原的管理对策;（2）建立科研人员、政策制定者及牧民的信息反馈机制,加强对牧民的可持续放牧的宣传教育;（3）因地制宜、因时制宜地制定科学的补饲政策,促进草地生态环境可持续性;（4）通过降低牧户生产和生活风险、加强牧区金融扶持（比如长期贷款）、提高草地流转承租人保护草地、改善草地的积极性等一系列政策措施,确保草地有序流转,促进牧户向非牧性等多样化生计策略转移;（5）加强非牧职业教育,提高非牧生计能力,实现生计策略的多样化,减轻草场压力;（6）进一步加强对畜牧业生产市场化对牧户生计策略影响的研究,为制定下一轮草原生态保护政策提供依据。
Rashid Menhas[2]（2019）在《巴基斯坦人民对“一带一路”的社会学分析：中巴经济走廊潜在社会文化影响的个案研究》文中研究指明中国是巴基斯坦最好的朋友之一,中巴友谊被称为“铁兄弟友谊”。1949年中国成立后不久,中巴两国就建立了良好的关系。巴基斯坦是世界上第一个接受中国的穆斯林国家。两国有着全天候的友好关系。巴中两国在外交和军事上历来有着良好的关系,但现在将建立一种新的经济模式关系,更侧重于经济、贸易、能源、基础设施和投资合作。在一带一路的经济策略下,中国政府为巴基斯坦提供了一个大型而直接的外国投资项目。中国政府已经宣布了一项一带一路（一带一路）计划,该计划将通过陆路和海运将中国与至少65个国家连接起来。一带一路策略是在六条经济合作走廊的基础上建立的:中国-蒙古-俄罗斯经济走廊;新亚欧大陆桥经济走廊;中国-中亚-西亚经济走廊;中国-巴基斯坦经济走廊;孟加拉国-中国-印度-缅甸经济走廊;中国-中南半岛经济走廊。中国政府提出建设“一带一路”,以建设公路、桥梁、铁路、港口、油气管道、经济特区和干港为基础。这是中国政府提出的一种新型的跨越大陆的国际重商主义体制,其通过中国的国有企业积累财富和资金。本次研究则是为了调查中巴经济走廊对巴基斯坦预期的经济社会影响以及如何有助于巴基斯坦的社会经济发展。目前,巴基斯坦在经济、贸易、能源领域正面临许多问题。能源是巴基斯坦的经济基础。此次研究是在吉尔吉-巴尔蒂斯坦（一带一路框架下中巴经济走廊的起点,在巴基斯坦境内,临近中巴边界）以及瓜达尔（中巴经济走廊的终点,瓜达尔深水港的发展是一带一路重要特性之一）地区进行的。我们通过多阶段抽样在这两个地区选取了 500名受访者。在第一阶段,我们通过简单随机抽样选取了两个行政区;在第二阶段,我们在两个行政区内随机选择了两个区域进行抽样;在最后一个阶段,我们从两个行政区的四个区域随机选择了 500受访者进行调查。二元逻辑斯蒂模型的结果表明中巴经济走廊将有助于巴基斯坦社会经济的发展。其会提升巴基斯坦的经济、促进GDP的增长、吸引海外投资。此外,通过就业率的增加以及扶贫政策,普通人的生活水平得到了显着上升。而且我们发现所选择的群体对巴基斯坦的中巴经济走廊是有所了解的,电子和印刷媒体是这一信息的主要来源。这一群体认为中巴经济走廊是联系中国和巴基斯坦的桥梁,是中国在巴基斯坦的一次巨大投资,是城乡发展的一个计划。很大部分的受访者认为中巴经济走廊是巴基斯坦能源、基础设施以及社会发展的一个项目。也有很多人认为中巴经济走廊在巴基斯坦社会经济和农村发展方面起了重要作用。我们可以看到巴基斯坦的社会群体的对巴基斯坦的GDP、GNP以及FDI抱有积极态度。此外也有很多人认为自由经济区以及工业园对于缓和极度贫困是有帮助的,而且中巴经济走廊不仅将会带来集体的正面的社会变化,也会提供商业机遇。还有很多人认为巴基斯坦通过中巴经济走廊将会成为像迪拜或者香港那样的中转路径。中巴经济走廊还对巴基斯坦文化产生了影响,包括技术进步和创新,景观文化的变化,通过孔子学院在大学中引人中国文化课程,推广汉语,交流教育项目,增加两国人民之间的联系,以及在电视频道上播放中文内容。绝大部分人认为以中巴经济走廊为代表的项目将会带动地方旅游业的发展。研究发现,行政管理不善、缺乏高素质劳动力以及国内投资不足,是中巴经济走廊实施过程中的主要挑战。阿富汗局势不稳、大国纷争、印度政府态度、地区不安全、恐怖分子袭击中国人力资源等全球性挑战是中巴经济走廊项目在巴基斯坦实施的主要障碍。大部分受访者建议优先考虑当地居民的就业和经济活动,以提高中巴经济走廊的安全性。综上所述,中巴经济走廊对于巴基斯坦与中’国都有益处。预计中巴经济走廊项目建成后,将会对巴基斯坦社会产生积极的社会文化影响,此外中国将通过中巴经济走廊发展新疆地区,因为瓜达尔的口岸将会通过公路与铁路与喀什相连。中巴经济走廊也将会改善新疆维吾尔族人民的社会经济条件。新疆有1000万的维吾尔穆斯林教徒。因此,中巴经济联盟将会为新疆人民提供经济和商业机遇,而且将有助于消除新疆因“东突”恐怖主义活动所带来的动乱。
Lisaia Daria（达丽娅）[3]（2019）在《俄罗斯城市可持续发展及其对中国城市的启示研究》文中认为城市可持续发展是我们地球繁荣未来的一个重要方面。根据2005年联合国世界峰会的成果,可持续发展的概念包含三个基本要素:社会、经济和环境。社会经济发展问题是国家政策的核心。从方法和途径到解决（具体）问题的方案取决于国家的繁荣和国民的经济生活水平。面对严峻的全球竞争,城市居住模式的管理以及寻求组织和管理人力、国土和生产资源的最佳解决方案是社会经济发展的途径之一。目前国家最高一级的国土开发规划和管理流程的演变正在进行,并与其他各级政府的规划系统进行协调。根据在2017年5月8日至12日举行的联合国人类住区规划署理事会第二十六届会议的报告,这是在城市（市政）层面提高国家政策执行效率和改善城市环境质量的关键要求之一。国家政策发展的另一个重要要求是将传统经济转变为知识经济,并带领该国走向世界技术领先,这是最可持续的经济发展方式。建立国家的创新基础设施是实现这些任务的必要条件之一。在此背景下,对世界上最大的两个国家（俄罗斯和中国）的城市发展经验的研究正在成为城市规划、设计和建筑广阔领域专家的宝贵知识来源。本文的研究目标是明确俄罗斯和中国社会经济政策的优先事项并对其在国土和城市规划层面的实施机制进行比较分析,这两者是国家可持续发展的重要条件。全文分为五个部分,共八章。其中第一部分（第1章）对课题相关的文献进行综述和分析,并制定研究目标、研究对象、研究假设和研究方法。第二部分（第2-3章）介绍第一项研究成果,即俄罗斯和中国城市可持续发展的比较分析,并对可持续城市规划和城市化进程两个主题进行详细描述与对第一项研究的结果进行讨论。第三部分（第4-7章）介绍第二项研究成果,即俄罗斯的案例研究,相关主题包括:俄罗斯城市可持续发展的社会经济问题;俄罗斯的创新基础设施;从科学定居点到斯科尔科沃创新中心的苏联科学城市发展历史回顾;斯科尔科沃创新中心的城市规划理念。第四部分（第8章）对第二项研究的结果进行讨论,探讨城市发展在国家可持续发展过程中的作用。第五部分介绍结论并对后续的科研工作提出建议。论文作者对俄罗斯和中国的历史,以及两国在20世纪和当下建设现代国家的过程中所经历的困难道路深表敬意和理解。尽管在经济、社会、文化和地缘上存在差异,两个国家都是在现在和未来为和平与稳定做出巨大努力的强大的现代国家。
JTTE Editorial Office,Jiaqi Chen,Hancheng Dan,Yongjie Ding,Yangming Gao,Meng Guo,Shuaicheng Guo,Bingye Han,Bin Hong,Yue Hou,Chichun Hu,Jing Hu,Ju Huyan,Jiwang Jiang,Wei Jiang,Cheng Li,Pengfei Liu,Yu Liu,Zhuangzhuang Liu,Guoyang Lu,Jian Ouyang,Xin Qu,Dongya Ren,Chao Wang,Chaohui Wang,Dawei Wang,Di Wang,Hainian Wang,Haopeng Wang,Yue Xiao,Chao Xing,Huining Xu,Yu Yan,Xu Yang,Lingyun You,Zhanping You,Bin Yu,Huayang Yu,Huanan Yu,Henglong Zhang,Jizhe Zhang,Changhong Zhou,Changjun Zhou,Xingyi Zhu[4]（2021）在《New innovations in pavement materials and engineering:A review on pavement engineering research 2021》文中研究表明Sustainable and resilient pavement infrastructure is critical for current economic and environmental challenges. In the past 10 years, the pavement infrastructure strongly supports the rapid development of the global social economy. New theories, new methods,new technologies and new materials related to pavement engineering are emerging.Deterioration of pavement infrastructure is a typical multi-physics problem. Because of actual coupled behaviors of traffic and environmental conditions, predictions of pavement service life become more and more complicated and require a deep knowledge of pavement material analysis. In order to summarize the current and determine the future research of pavement engineering, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering（English Edition） has launched a review paper on the topic of "New innovations in pavement materials and engineering: A review on pavement engineering research 2021". Based on the joint-effort of 43 scholars from 24 well-known universities in highway engineering, this review paper systematically analyzes the research status and future development direction of 5 major fields of pavement engineering in the world. The content includes asphalt binder performance and modeling, mixture performance and modeling of pavement materials,multi-scale mechanics, green and sustainable pavement, and intelligent pavement.Overall, this review paper is able to provide references and insights for researchers and engineers in the field of pavement engineering.
迪佳（DJIBRIL Moudachirou）[5]（2017）在《海上油气资源共同开发的法律问题研究 ——以尼圣共同开发案与塞毛共同开发案为重心》文中指出为了促进相邻沿海国家间关系的稳定与和平,《海洋法公约》禁止任何一方在争议海域内的单边行动,而是在相互合作的基础上提供了一个新的理论,进而更好地管理和利用海洋及其自然资源。《海洋法公约》使得缔约国能够以签署共同开发协定的方式为勘探和开发油气资源开展合作。这一规定有助于在解决自然资源的归属问题上缓解两国的紧张关系。此外,它还要求相关国家搁置海域划界争端而聚焦自然资源的共同管理。虽然非洲国家之间存在许多海域划界争端,但是选择共同开发式的国家却屈指可数。本文将重点研究两个共同给开发协定:一个是尼日利亚和圣多美和普林西比共同开发协定,另一个是塞舌尔和毛里求斯共同开发协定,并找出整两个共同开发协定中的法律问题,以期在未来引起相关国家的关注。本文共分为四章,具体内容有:第一章是国际法上共同开发的理论。《海洋法公约》的规定说明存在与共同开发有关的新理论,例如,与捕获原则相比,合作原则可以更好地调整国家间的自然资源开发。事实上,这一理论在国际渔业资源和国际水资源的共同开发上发挥了作用。它作为第74（3）条和第83（3）条被写入《海洋法公约》。这一规定以及连同以《海洋法公约》为基础的许多资料（无论是国内还是国际）确认,晚近的共同开发的实践应当基于合作原则。通过对这些资料的分析发现,自然资源开发的三种不同的理论,即捕获规则理论、单方面开发理论和共同开发理论。捕获的规则适用于野生动物的所有权并被美国法院延伸到油气资源的归属中,与之不同的是,单方面开发理论在国际法上有据可循,《海洋法公约》第77条赋予沿岸国勘探和开发自然资源的主权权利,而未得到沿岸国的明确同意,任何人都不得进行勘探和开发活动。各国的实践表明,共同开发可以使得相关国家更好地开展合作。第二个理论包含在边界确定情况下的共同开发。第三个理论则倡导相关国家在争议区域内的共同开发,这一理论法律依据有《海洋法公约》第74条、第83条和第123条,这些条款使争议区域内的共同开发成为法律义务。因此,抛开这种合作的法律性质的讨论,本文认为,基于国家实践,无论海洋边界是否划定,在共同开发的基础上开展多层次的法律合作,从而建立自然资源共同开发机制,不失理想的选择。另外,许多资料（国内或国际）证实了通过合作解决存在海域重叠主张的海洋争端的必要性。而且,本文发现国家间选择以联营方式或共同开发方式实现合作有众多理由。事实上,这些理由可以通过相关国家的需求以及当时的实际情况进来理解。据此通常有三种共同开发管理模式:单一国家模式,强制联合企业模式和共同管理机关模式。本章结尾提出了最佳模式的选择问题。在这方面,由于学者在该问题上存在分歧,因此不可能为所有共同开发协定确定最佳模式。因此,每一种模式应反映当时的政治经济环境,因为每个共同开发协定都有其地理、时间和环境的差异。第二章是进行共同开发的原因以及对现有共同开发协定的简要总结。本研究发现了相关国家开展共同开发基于如下理由:油气资源的需求、油气资源勘探技术提高、石油公司投资安全的保证、良好的双边关系以及区域和平与稳定。至于现有共同开发协定的总结,国家实践证明了存在三类共同开发:跨界的共同开发,如在北海的英国和挪威共同开发案与巴林和沙特阿拉伯的共同开发案;争议海域的共同开发,但仅限于《海洋法公约》第74（3）和第83（3）条所预设的搁置划界的资源开发,比如1974年沙特阿拉伯和苏丹共同开发案、1974年日本和韩国共同开发案和1989年澳大利亚与印度尼西亚共同开案;以及不影响划界而仅着眼于生物资源（渔业）的共同开发,如1993年哥伦比亚和牙买加共同开发案,以及2010年挪威和俄罗斯在巴伦支海和北极的共同渔业管理的共同开发案。本文将研究范围限制在第二类争议海域的共同开发,从而发现非洲国家存在四个共同开发协定（2001年尼日利亚与圣多美和普林西比共同开发协定,2012年塞舌尔与毛里求斯共同开发协定,1982年突尼斯与利比亚共同开发协定和2004年安哥拉与刚果民主共和国的谅解备忘录）,以及一个渔业资源开发协定（1993年塞内加尔与几内亚比绍共同开发协定）。因为缺乏1982年突尼斯与利比亚共同开发协定的数据,而且2004年安哥拉与刚果民主共和国谅解备忘录并未执行,所以本研究依据2001年尼日利亚和圣多美和普林西比共同开发协定和2012年塞舌尔和毛里求斯共同开发协定,并参考1993年的塞内加尔与几内亚比绍共同开发协定,从而找出这些的共同开发协定的法律问题。相关研究表明,不存在明确和不可辩驳的共同开发协定的标准定义。而本研究从共同开发协定的各种定义中发现,任何国际共同开发安排实践应同时满足五个基本条件:（1）两个以上国家的间的划界争议,（2）争议地区内或周围有潜在或已证明的资源储藏,（3）国际协定,（4）共同石油作业,以及（5）过渡性质。虽然这些条件可以被视为互相补充,但是第一个条件即划界争议的存在是关键的,因为它构成了进行共同开发的前提条件。因此,不存在划界争议,共同开发也就无从谈起。第三章旨在研究非洲国家共同开发协定的主要法律问题。即2001年尼圣共同开发协定和2012年塞毛共同开发协定中的法律问题。本章列举了与《海洋法公约》第74（3）和第83（3）条有关的一些法律问题,这些问题构成开展共同开发合作的法律依据。需要注意的是,在第三次海洋法会议中,《海洋法公约》第74（3）条与第83（3）条的产生就是为了保证缔约国实践的灵活性和可预测性,因为该条兼具践行海洋法治之宗旨和解决海洋争端的双重目的。因此,这一条款存在以下三个法律争议。第一,该条款的实质是什么?第二,该条款适用的地理范围是什么?第三,该条款适用的时间范围是什么?这一条款的开放性使得缔约国可以在专属经济区和大陆架的划界过程中“不危害或阻碍最后协定的达成,不妨害最后界线的划定”规定的实质、地理范围和时间范围做出解释。比如《海洋法公约》没有对何为“危害或阻碍最后协定的达成,妨害最后界线的划定”做出明确规定。对此,只有国家实践能够说明。而遗憾的是,国家实践的巨大差异使得我们很难确定该条款的义务范围。这些模棱两可的规定体现在安哥拉与刚果民主共和国所签署的谅解备忘录之中。正是由于这一规定的缺陷,使得谅解备忘录没有得到实施。本章认为,尽管存在这些法律问题,但共同开发仍是处理海洋划界争端的重要选择。出于这种考虑,共同开发协定通常具备以下内容,例如确定共同开发区,制定“不损害条款”,实施合作与协商义务,区分刑事和民事管辖权,确定收益分配条款,解决单方面授予许可问题,商议争端解决,制定环境保护条款。虽然在共同开发协定谈判期间侧重于上述内容,但相关国家很少注意由这些内容可能导致的一些法律问题。第一,海域主张的过分夸大问题。例如,尼日利亚与圣多美和普林西比划定的共同开发区的范围囊括了 34,540平方公里的海域,是圣多美和普林西比国土的35倍。一个岛屿为什么会产生35倍于该岛面积的专属经济区和大陆架范围?这个法律问题是有关该共同开发协定的区域大小的。它是否达到可以产生如此大面积的海域?缔约双方尤其是尼日利亚的过分主张导致了面积如此巨大的共同开发区的存在。第二,共同开发实践中的第三方权益和主张的保护问题。尽管在尼圣共同开发案和赛几共同开发案中,第三方主张并对未上述实践构成重大影响,但是我们仍然认为,正如第三方在泰国湾和南中国海造成的影响一样,它同样会在几内亚湾对共同开发活动造成影响。例如,尼圣共同开发区就面临这样的状况,如果大陆架界限委员会支持喀麦隆在几内亚湾的海域主张,那么尼圣两国的共同开发区可能会与喀麦隆所主张的200海里外大陆架产生重叠,而且,该共同开发区还处在喀麦隆专属经济区和大陆架的范围之内。因此,如果喀麦隆通过立法确定了海域划界的公平线,那么尼圣两国2001年的共同开发区将在未来出现不稳定的态势。第三,单方特许问题。如果这些复杂的态势造成影响,那么共同开发区单方面授予特许将何去何从?在重叠区域单方面授予特许的行为是否仍然会继续存在?或者可以避免?在考虑到违反合同的后果后,本文认为报复不是解决问题的最佳方式,而应采取以下替代措施:首先,授予许可的一方在许可授予之前应当与对方谈判,从而达到该许可被对方接受的目的,在这种情况下,另一方可以主张收益分配,为确保得到公平的结果,对方可以从许可方得到收益分配方案公平和平等的保证,这种情况下,该替代措施就有可能实现。其次,双方可以进行谈判,从而将该许可纳入共同开发协定中,成为共同开发协定的一部分,这样该许可可以视为由双方共同做出。最后,双方应当就许可区域由许可方进行专属管辖开展谈判和磋商,从而确保对方接受该条件,在这种情况下,非授予许可一方也可以以此为筹码,使对方做出更多的妥协。然而,我们应当意识到,如果交易背后存在巨大的腐败行为,那么最后一种措施就是不公平的。而且,该行为也可能会引发单方解除在共同开发区内的开发合同,因此就提出了对承包者的损失进行补偿的问题。在塞舌尔和毛里求斯共同开发案中,两国没有考虑到承包者的损失而且未给与补偿。更糟糕的是,在塞内加尔和几内亚比绍共同开发案,它们甚至没有规定承包者的权利和义务。第四,自然资源权利归属问题。即使双方决定在共同开发的基础上合作,自然资源权利的归属也可能造成问题。事实上,当一方将该权利授予管理机关时,另一方却对该权利提出了保留。虽然非洲国家都会适当的尊重该权利,并在共同开发协定中将其授予开发的双方,但是授予该权利的规定并不是清楚和详尽。例如,比起将这一权利授予开发的双方,塞内加尔和几内亚比绍将这一权利授予了开发机构,并依据1993年共同开发协定和补充议定书,在开发企业的帮助下实施。2001年尼圣共同开发协定通过赋予缔约国自然资源所有权的方式避免了这一问题。本文认为,保留对于自然资源的权利似乎是比较好的选择,因为一国对于自然资源的主权权利与国家主权密切相关,如果将勘探和开发自然资源这一专属的主权权利授予管理机关,可能会对主权造成损害。而且,如果共同开发区内的自然资源权利是建立在对该区域内存在油气资源知晓的基础上的话,那么在争议区域潜在油气资源的权利如何确定?对此缔约双方将共同开发协定中的联营条款作为在共同开发区内对潜在油气资源的享有优先权的依据。这一条款在非洲国家的共同开发协定中普遍存在。然而,与2001年尼圣共同开发协定不同,其他共同开发协定没有预见到对这一资源利用的不同方式。比如,它们忽视了共同开发区或争议区内油气资源的发现会在该区域产生两块承包区,而共同开发双方也可能会与第三方之间甚至共同开发区和特别管理区之间也产生利用的可能性。第五,收益分配问题。本章通过以下两个问题引起非洲国家对收益分配问题的重视。共同开发协定双方之间的收益分配会是一个问题吗?2012年塞毛共同开发协定中是否对200海里外大陆架的非生物资源的开发向国际海底管理局进行补偿或做出贡献的义务做出妥协?收益分配是共同开发协定的核心,油气资源开发中的收益和义务在双方之间的分配是缔结共同开发协定的关键因素。起先,在非洲共同开发协定的收益共享中,人们可能会认为缔约双方之间收益分配的差异可能会成为一个问题,不过,本文认为,收益分配的差异恰恰证明“没有永远的朋友,只有永远的利益”。这一点在下列案件中得到了印证:在尼圣共同开发案中,两国的收益分配比例是6:4;赛几共同开发案中,如果最终在它们的共同开发区发现油气资源,两国的收益分配是5.7:1;赛毛共同开发协定的第5条规定缔约双方同意公平地共享来自协定中自然资源活动的收益,由此两国的收益分配是1:1。另外,该协定是第一个在200海里外大陆架上进行的共同开发的协定,为开发这一区域的自然资源,《海洋法公约》第82条规定相关国家要因对200海里外大陆架非生物资源的开发向国际海底管理局支付费用并提供补偿,而赛毛两国协定中并没有该规定。两国的这一行动可能处于以下原因:第一,它们认为,它们的活动没有对在200海里外大陆架上享有权利的第三方造成损害;第二,假设两国的活动是出于善意而且它们对国际社会进行了补偿,它们如何确定补偿的金额?另外,尽管《海洋法公约》第82条对于补偿的时间和比率做出了规定,我们仍然需要清楚这些补偿是怎样计算和支付的。而且,为在开发双方与国际社会之间达到一个公平的分配,应该适用怎样的标准。此外,如果它们决定向国际海底管理局支付相关补偿而不进行评估,那么海底管理局会对支付的金额满意吗?在该机构不满意的情况下又该诉诸哪一个争端解决机构呢?上述理由都可以成为两国没有遵守《海洋法公约》第82条的原因。第三,塞舌尔和毛里求斯还可以援引《海洋法公约》第82（3）条免除向海底管理局支付费用的义务。该条规定,当一个发展中国家作为其大陆架所产生矿产资源的纯输入者时,对这种矿产资源免缴这种费用或实物。另一个在共同开发协定中值得注意的关键是争端解决问题。共同开发协定中争端解决的规定和终止的规定对共同开发协定来讲至关重要。虽然非洲国家的共同开发协定中关于争端解决的规定不尽相同,但是它们都将这一规定纳入其中。第六,共同开发区内的刑事犯罪问题。本文认为非洲国家的共同开发协定忽视了刑事犯罪问题。因此,为有效解决与法律秩序有关的刑事犯罪,非洲国家的共同开发协定以及相应的国家实践应该更加明确和连贯,因为如果与刑事犯罪定义有关的规则不甚清楚和连贯的话,可能会使协定的执行产生问题。第四章分析一些非洲国家的海洋划界争端,并建议选择以签署共同开发协定的方式作为解决这些争端的法律途径的方法。这源于许多非洲国家倾向于诉诸第三方解决程序做出部分或全部妥协,而不像一些国家那样选择海洋划界争端的替代性解决方式。在2002年,国际法院就尼日利亚和喀麦隆海域划界案中,针对巴卡西油田的归属中判决尼日利亚败诉。另外,肯尼亚和索马里、加纳和象牙海岸的海域划界案在国际法院和国际海洋法法庭仍然悬而未决。尽管签署共同开发协定可以使它们避免这一冗长的程序,但是它们并没有这样做。因为本文的研究目的之一是对非洲国家的合作方案提出建议,所以为说明共同开发可以成为相关国家解决海洋划界争端的法律途径,本文分析了目前非洲国家之间的海洋划界争端。因此对于非洲国家的一些悬而未决的海洋划界案以及其他热点地区海洋划界案的研究,使我们能够在了解争议区域内资源情况的基础上关注非洲国家的策略。事实上,它们的策略是:否认划界协定的存在、怀疑划界方法的正当性、质疑划界协定的法律拘束力、反对等距离中间线原则。为解决上述问题,本文认为下列因素能够促使相关国家签订共同开发协定。它们包括:双方的政治意愿、对油气资源的需求、对主张重叠区油气资源存储的确定、一方的单独勘探和开发行为、共同的文化传统、争议区域内岛屿的缺失以及双方在有关协定中所达成的进行共同开发的规定。因此,通过上述因素对于非洲国家海域划界争端的评估证实,如果措施得当,那么这些国家的海域划界争端都具有进行共同开发的条件。这一途径的实现在于缔约双方通过构建和达成基于互信和友好关系而产生的进行共同开发的政治意愿。然而,在加蓬和赤道几内亚海域划界实践中,由于争议区域内岛屿的存在使得两国不愿达成共同开发协定,因为双方都期望依据该岛屿主张对争议区域的主权。因此,本文旨在确认实施共同开发是解决非洲国家现存海域划界争议的法律方法,而且签署共同开发协定对于解决上述海洋争端是必要的,这一实践能够对存在相关争议国家产生启示,即类似签署共同开发协定这样的合作方案是解决海洋争端较为合适的方式。对于这一主题的研究使得我们了解上述共同开发协定的主要法律问题,并力图使这些问题避免出现在未来非洲国家的共同开发协定中。它们可以通过颁布国内法的方式执行《海洋法公约》并建议采取以下措施:首先,针对主张重叠区或争议区做出明确的法律声明;其次,如果第三方的主张于法有据,那么在划定共同开发区时要考虑到第三方的权利和主张,缔约双方可以将第三方纳入共同开发活动中,否则它们应当避免在争议区内损害第三方的权益;再次,当一方先行在争议区或者主张重叠区域授予许可的情况下,另一方应当选择协商而不是撤销该许可;最后,缔约双方也可以分析和预见有利于掌握在主张重叠区或争议区内最终或潜在油气储藏的可能性,包括利用联营条款。
江家栋,YE Lin[6]（2014）在《国际海底区域遗传资源管理法律问题》文中指出随着生物技术的进展,国际社会对国际海底区域遗传资源的竞争日益激烈。尽管当前国际公约尚未对"区域"遗传资源的法律地位作出明确规定,但基于《联合国海洋法公约》的目的,该遗传资源也应适用"人类共同继承财产"原则,从而对"区域"遗传资源的利用进行适度限制。在该问题上,应充分发挥国际海底管理局的作用,并在此基础上对"区域"遗传资源及相关活动进行管理和进一步谈判。同时,我国应加强对该问题的重视与研究,大力开展双边和多边合作,以便将来在"区域"遗传资源的开发和利用领域占有与我国地位相称的一席之地。
Ernest Kwame Affum[7]（2019）在《加纳传统产业创新分析框架设计与应用 ——基于餐饮服务业的研究》文中研究说明世界银行依据人均GDP水平将发展中经济体划分为高收入、中等收入和低收入三种类型。低收入发展中经济体通常会面临社会、经济和政治难题,例如人们难以得到基本生活保障,进而导致了包括雇佣童工和非法移民在内的系列问题。许多第三世界国家的政府试图寻求更好的方法和途径以解决上述问题,但往往又欲速而不达。当民众对政府解决这些问题的能力失去耐心时,社会甚至会陷入动荡。扭转这些国家的经济命运已成为当代国际社会关注的焦点,因此期望相关研究人员和智库能够尽早提出问题解决方案。世界经济论坛、七国集团（G7）、二十国集团（G20）、金砖国家（BRICS）、中非合作论坛（FOCAC）等正试图寻找解决这些问题的长久之计。改变一个国家经济命运的方法之一是依托产业及产业组织。中国、韩国、越南和日本等国家在这方面取得了相当大的进展。就中国而言,由于选择改革创新,在过去四十年里几乎消除了贫困问题,1980年至2011年中国GDP平均增速接近10%,是世界平均水平（3.3%）的3倍,是欠发达国家平均水平（2.5%）的4倍,是发达国家平均水平（5.0）的2倍。中国有关―一带一路‖的倡议旨在通过释放内部资源和促进外部合作以实现相关国家的共同发展。该倡议有可能在稳定中国作为世界最大贸易国经济地位的同时,实现国内经济的高质量有效率的增长。一些亚洲国家通过产业创新实践使社会摆脱了贫困,一些发展中经济体因无法实现经济模式和国内实际情形的匹配,从而使经济陷入困境。总之,这些经济体未能找到适合本国促进经济快速增长的相关经济活动的有效组合。根据国际货币基金组织的报告,截至2018年底加纳人均GDP约为1786.65美元,是中等收入发展中国家。然而,据加纳统计局调查显示2016/2017年全国贫困人口占比高达23.4%。政府必须尽快解决贫困问题,防止形势进一步恶化可能带来其他更严重结果。制定务实的发展政策、计划和方案是政府的天职,政府应考虑向能促进经济增长和带来更广泛影响的产业进行政策倾斜。传统产业是大多数经济体的重要组成部分,随着现代需求模式变化及应对经济发展挑战的需要,该产业也处于变革之中。传统产业是推动中低收入发展中国家经济发展的主要动力之一,不仅可以解决大部分就业问题,而且能为消费者提供基本产品和服务,因此政府应更加重视传统产业。发展中国家传统产业的特点和面临的挑战包括但不限于:机械化水平低,缺乏熟练工人,管理落后,就业不规范,缺乏技术和知识,资金不足,劳动力市场不活跃,经营规模有限等。改变和革新传统产业的运作及范围将有利于这些国家的经济发展。传统产业长期以来一直是经济活动的主要领域,涵盖食品、服装、医疗、医药、钢铁等产业。在发达国家,传统产业在促进经济增长、适应现代需求方面发挥了重要作用,政府和有关机构通过提供研发基金、减税、补贴、培训、法律支持、政策导向等形式对这些产业中的特定企业集群给予大力支持。相较而言,许多发展中国家的政府并没有为传统产业的腾飞提供必要的支持。餐饮服务业与人民生活息息相关,是传统产业的重要组成部分,对维持经济增长和扭转经济负增长趋势至关重要,需要政府的特别关注。餐饮服务业雇佣了大量劳动力,尤其是女性,这对改善中低收入家庭生活水平产生了广泛的影响。此外,它还能创造收入、上缴税收,促进国家整体生产力的提升。餐饮服务业是食品工业的衍生品,长期以来一直作为服务业在运营,人们往往从提供食物的角度关注该产业。然而,在发达国家,餐饮服务业的性质和经营方式已经从传统餐饮服务业转变为先进餐饮服务业。该产业从单纯的食品供应转向整个产业价值链,包括使用高科技设备,聘用高技能人才,使用先进的科学管理理念和管理信息系统,构建发达的供应链,使用现代通信技术,应用互联网和定制化服务等。这些变化不仅促进了该行业对整体GDP、就业和税收的贡献,而且也吸引了外商直接投资的流入。随着年轻管理人员日益增多、收入水平的不断提高、女性职员数量的攀升以及生活方式的改变,发展中国家的餐饮服务业也在不断壮大。虽然发展趋势向好,但也面临着诸如食品安全问题的挑战。此外,设备、技术、人力资源和研发等投资不足也是大多数发展中经济体面临的挑战。与此同时,由于政策缺失或政策不当导致难以推动该行业去实现各种社会、经济和产业目标。就加纳而言,该行业因难以满足现代趋势和消费者需求,还处于相当落后的状态。因此,本研究旨在建立一个分析框架,以确定有助于加纳餐饮服务行业创新的因素。传统产业面临的挑战可以通过创新来克服。部分学者论证了创新对经济增长的影响。例如,例如,马克思把技术创新作为引起资本主义发展变化的基本要素之一,生产技术的变化将产生现代产业。熊彼特认为,技术进步是推动经济增长的必要条件,并提出了创造性破坏的概念,指出创新在破坏一些现有经济安排的同时,也会导致新产业的兴起,为经济发展创造新的动力。因此,对技术的投资是创新的关键,这将确保一些经济体在全球经济格局中维持重要地位。产业需要通过创新不断转型,以满足消费者的需求,并为国家的发展做出有效的贡献。所以创新对引领产业和国家的转型至关重要。加纳的传统产业,特别是餐饮服务业需要通过各种途径进行创新以提升能力,确保其继续服务于整个社会,在增加就业和提升家庭收入的同时,也带动其他产业的发展。过往学者提出了很多关于经济增长的理论,试图找到有关经济增长和扩张的关键因素,以解决国家之间面临的共同的经济问题。本研究将加纳作为研究对象,探寻可以匹配其社会经济背景的经济增长理论,包括政治经济理论、竞争优势理论、新增长理论、阶段理论、演化理论和资源基础理论。并围绕传统产业、创新、食品及餐饮服务业三个核心概念对相关文献进行了广泛的梳理和回顾。本文构建了一个被称之为动态创新模型（DIM）的理论研究框架,以此作为本文研究的基础。DIM具有宏观和微观两个维度,用于解释宏观因素与微观因素之间的关系。本研究使用了三种不同的数据收集方法以获取所需要的信息,同时采用了不同的研究工具和方法对问题进行分析。首先针对加纳四个城市的餐饮服务业企业,通过现场问卷调查的形式收集一手数据。本研究涉及餐饮服务业主要包括独立餐厅（SAR）、酒店餐厅（HR）、餐饮机构（CH）和食堂服务提供商（CSP）。二手数据则来自世界银行、联合国贸易和发展会议、加纳银行、财政和经济规划部、加纳统计局等组织机构的网站及出版的各种书籍、期刊。主要收集了2000年至2017年有关餐饮服务业创新的数据。此外还采用半结构化的方式对专家学者进行了采访获取了访谈数据,并使用SPSS、EXCEL和EVIEWS等软件对一手和二手数据进行定量分析,对访谈数据进行定性分析。本文遵循实证研究方法去收集和分析数据,并运用演绎归纳法从分析中得出结论。数据分为横截面数据和时间序列数据,采用定性和定量分析方法对收集的一手和二手数据进行分析。为实现研究目标,使用EVIEWS进行回归分析。由于本研究涉及到基于协方差分析的反射结构,所以使用结构方程模型（AMOS）。本研究采用经验分析方法和修正的标准化量表对183名来自餐饮服务业的受访者进行了验证,借以分析微观（行业）因素,并使用收集的2000-2017年18年的二手数据借以分析宏观因素。此外,还访谈了三名行业内人士,对访谈资料和数据进行了定性分析。在选择研究对象时,采用了定向选择和随机选择两种方法,考虑到不同企业进入市场的依据不同,所以没有考虑其运营年限。宏观因素的实证结果表明模型对创新的解释程度较高（93.5%）,而对微观因素对创新的解释程度只有15.9%。这表明宏观因素对创新具有显着的正向影响,微观因素对创新的影响则较小。中介效应模型结果表明,消费者因素（CF）可以调节创新接受度（IR）和微观创新（MiN）之间的关系,但这种调解作用具有偶然性。政策持续性调节了外商直接投资（FDI）和宏观创新（MaiN）之间的关系,这意味着无论何时将两者放在一起,高水平的调节作用都很可能发生。同时,食品价格（FPx）和国家创新驱动（NQD）并未对可支配收入（Yd）、FDI和微观创新（MiN）之间的关系起到调节作用。本研究有五个创新点:一是发展了传统产业转型理论,给出了形象化的思路,它可用于协助和加强对现代服务业的转型研究,并应用于服务业,尤其是加纳和其他发展中经济体的餐饮服务业。其次,本研究建立了一个分析框架,揭示了影响加纳餐饮服务业创新的宏观因素与微观因素之间的关系。该框架描述了政策和外国直接投资、食品价格和可支配收入的中介作用,以及国家创新驱动对加纳餐饮服务业创新的调节作用。该框架的实用性体现在有助于理解与加纳餐饮服务业创新相关的基础因素,同时也揭示了需要改进的薄弱环节。第三,研究发现政策以两种不同的方式影响创新,一是作为独立的决定因素,二是作为中介调节变量。作为中介调节变量时,发现政策对外商直接投资在促进发展中经济体,特别是加纳餐饮服务业的创新方面具有持续影响。第四,通过提出的分析框架,进一步解释和理解宏观因素（FDI、政策、创新能力、收入、食品价格和国家质量驱动）之间的关系。在实践中,本研究以直接调解的方式确立中介因素并确立其指向,这丰富和促进了餐饮服务业的国际文献研究和主流创新理论。第五,本研究采用了三种不同的数据收集方法（问卷调查、二手数据收集和访谈）来解决加纳的创新问题。基于本文的研究发现,提出如下建议:餐饮服务业的企业家和经营管理者应通过加强内部投资,定期开展培训,提升自身知识水平和购买先进技术设备等措施帮助企业成长。政府部门则应加强政策规划,持续改善宏观经济环境促进加纳餐饮服务业创新。例如,食品和药品委员会（FDA）应加强在食品注册和场所检查方面的监督力度。此外,要重视消费者的作用,消费者需求是加纳餐饮服务行业创新的关键驱动因素。消费者更偏好优质食品、健康安全食品,这将带来餐饮服务供应的多样化。关于进一步研究,建议使用多种方法而非仅使用定量方法探索加纳或其他发展中国家餐饮服务业的行业微观影响因素。这样当获取数据的方法不同时,就能提供更可信和更深入的专业分析。此外,在未来的研究中还可以对不同的细分行业进行更深入具体的分析。
YODSAPON NITIRUCHIROT[8]（2018）在《南（中国）海水下文化遗产保护法律体制》文中提出历史证据可从书面记载中找到,也可从古代文物（不论是人类创造抑或自然产物）中发掘。从这些历史证据中,后人可感受到古人遗留的有关人文、政治、法律、艺术和文化等故事。历史证据的这些价值不仅对一国意义深远,更是全人类的瑰宝。历史悠久的南中国海（以下简称“南海”）曾作为连接亚欧海上贸易的主要航道,有着丝绸之路的美誉。该地区有着大量沉船,被称为水下文化遗产。船舶沉没成为水下文化遗产的原因很多,例如航行中遭遇然灾害、碰撞事故、甚至战争祸及此地。如今,寻宝者和受利益驱使的私人打捞公司非法挖掘正使这片海域的水下文化遗产面临危机。这可能致使南海的历史证据丢失或不完整。笔者认为造成该问题的原因有三方面。首先是由于南海地区领土和海洋划界争端。这些争端导致南海地区管辖权行使模糊不清,当一国在争议区行使管辖权,容易产生冲突,因此,寻宝者有可乘之机对南海地区水下文化遗产进行商业开发。其次,《联合国教科文组织水下文化遗产公约》（以下简称《水下文化遗产公约》）是一部全面保护水下文化遗产的国际公约,但仅有柬埔寨是该公约的缔约国。因此,公约的条款难以在南海地区适用以保护该地区的水下文化遗产。最后,南海沿岸国各自为政,各国立法不一致,导致在保护南海水下文化遗产时各国采取的措施存在差异,也给沿岸国的合作造成障碍。本文建议可通过两种方式提高南海水下文化遗产保护的法律框架。首先,南海所有沿海国加入2001年《水下文化遗产公约》,如此一来,公约的条款将可适用于南海从而达到保护水下文化遗产的目的,且继续推进南海沿岸各国合作。另一种方式是在南海缔结区域性保护水下文化遗产协定。上述两种方式在改善保护南海地区水下文化遗产法律框架方面具有不同的进程,各有优缺。且笔者探讨了 2001年《水下文化遗产公约》某些条款并不适用于南海地区,例如争端解决机制。此外,迄今为止,从世界范围来看该公约缔约国只有58个。因此,就该问题而言,达成区域性协定或许更佳。南海地区沿岸国也可援引2001年《水下文化遗产公约》的某些条款,包括适合其他区域的相关规定。最后,本文还认为应由中泰两国共同倡议缔结区域性协定。因为中国是该地区最具经济影响力的国家,也是海洋考古技术最为发达的国家。同时,泰国的海洋考古对东南亚地区影响最大,且与南海沿岸各国保持友好关系。此外,仍有两个有力因素可促成该协定的缔结,东南亚国家联盟或是东南亚教育部长组织,并可依附“21世纪海上丝绸之路”。
Oscar Meywa Otele[9]（2018）在《Understanding Kenyan Agency in the Acquisition and Utilization of Chinese Development Finance in the Transport Infrastructure,2003-2017》文中研究说明In less than two decades,especially in response to China’s renewed engagement in Africa at the dawn of twenty-first century,a growing body of literature on“China-Africa relations"has emerged.A majority of scholars,however,have focused their attention on China as the driver of engagement.African side of the engagement has been under-researched and under-theorized.In a bid to correct this deficit,there is a burgeoning literature on African agency within China-Africa relations.However,this literature suffers from inadequacy in conceptualizing the terms agency and African agency and what essentially structures African political elites in the course of their interaction with their Chinese counterparts.Where some attempts have been made,the authors have failed to distinguish between state-enabled agency and non-state agency.Moreover,these studies have been predominantly conducted in resource-rich countries,thus ignoring relatively resource-scarce countries like Kenya.This study seeks to fill this knowledge gap.The study is motivated by the desire to understand the role of Kenyan political elites in acquiring and utilizing Chinese development finance in the transport infrastructure.China’s involvement in Kenya’s infrastructure is clustered around three sets of political elites（planners,loan negotiators and implementers）apparently with diverge visions.Whereas Kenya’s overriding goal is to maximize her national interests,how then does this unique combination of visions safeguard these interests?Using a longitudinal case study of Kenya’s acquisition and utilization of Chinese development finance in the transport infrastructure（in roads and railway sub-sector）from 2003 to 2017,and based on interviews conducted from more than 50 political elites and supplemented with secondary data,the study finds that the extent to which Kenyan political elites contributed to safeguarding the country’s national interests during the acquisition and utilization of Chinese development finance varied across time and space.In 2003,in the context where China was gradually increasing presence in Africa’s infrastructure development,in quest for diversification of external sources of finances it made strategic sense for Kenyan planners to approach China.However,as China intensified her engagement in Kenya’s transport infrastructure,the ability of planners to define policy agenda in some sub-sectors was constrained.Despite the apparent attractiveness of Chinese development finance,due to varying perceptions of material factors defining China-Kenya relations,the Kenyan government obtained "favourable" loan agreements for some infrastructure projects and not in other cases.Empirical evidence suggests that Kenyan implementers gradually ensured that some materials and equipment used in Chinese funded projects were sourced locally,same as the sourcing of labour and knowledge sharing.These findings make significant contribution to the burgeoning literature on African agency within China-Africa relations by demonstrating that the concept of African agency is context dependent The findings have also implications for planners and implementers both in Kenya and China.
贺丽洁[10]（2014）在《都市农业与中国小城镇规划研究》文中进行了进一步梳理都市农业（UrbanAgriculture）是指位于城市内部及周边地带，依靠城市的资金、人才、科技等资源，为居民提供优质、安全的农副产品和良好生态环境的现代农业。它是城市庞大复杂的生态系统中的重要组成部分，是一种崭新的现代农业，具有城乡融合性、功能多样性、现代集约性、高度开放性等特征；它可以补偿我们城市化进程中失去的农业，保持城市的可持续发展。从城乡融合的田园生活到今天二元对立的城乡格局，与其在城市化高速发展的大中城市中搞农业，不如寻找一个农业和城市结合的最好模式；小城镇是大中城市与乡村的纽带，具有发展都市农业的先天优势。我国土地资源有限，大城市与小城镇相比，土地需求压力更大，地价也更昂贵。与其在建设好的大城市中，见缝插针的搞农业；不如放眼于大量城市化发展初期的小城镇，它们具有发展都市农业更大的空间和潜能。因此，把都市农业根植于小城镇的规划发展中，集约合理的利用土地，具有很强的现实意义。本文内容主要分为以下七个部分。第一部分是关于都市农业的总体概述。（1）针对全球的人口增长、耕地匮乏、粮食问题等，提出了都市农业是解决这些问题的新途径。它可以提供安全、清洁和多样性的食品；可以清除城市垃圾，回收利用厨房和城市废弃物，使农业生产过程清洁化、无害化；可以提供更多的就业机会；可以减少“食物里程”（Food Mile），节省大量的人力物力财力，减少交通污染；可以通过发展旅游、观光、休闲农业等新型产业，增加额外收入；可以通过女性的积极参与，促进男女平等。并且指出了都市农业的研究具有经济意义、社会文化意义、生态环境意义以及学科意义。（2）通过大量国外文献的收集和整理，按照经济地理学和经济学、社会学和农业（食品）学、城市学和生态学、建筑学和景观规划几个学科进行划分后，归纳总结了都市农业在国外的发展历程和研究现状，列举了现有的研究成果。对于国内而言，目前对都市农业的研究内容主要集中于都市农业产生的背景、概念、内涵与特征、功能作用、产业形态、发展模式、发展战略以及区域实证分析等方面。88%以上的论文是从农业经济的角度来讨论的；涉及到建筑以及城市规划学科的论文还不足1%，具体有博士论文3篇，硕士论文10篇以及期刊论文27篇，几乎都是近三年的研究成果。（3）总结归纳了国内外学者专家对都市农业和小城镇概念的界定，明确了本文的研究范围和研究对象。本文的都市农业所包括的范围是指都市的城市化地区与周边间隙地带的农业，既包括镶嵌在都市内的插花型农业，也包括城市周边地带的近郊农业。这里的小城镇是泛指各种规模不大，具有城市性质和城乡特点的区域；主要包括小城市、卫星城、大中城市郊区的市镇、工矿区的市镇、县城建制镇和集镇几种类型。（4）提出了我国都市农业研究中存在的问题。忽略了在小城镇都市农业的发展研究；缺乏一个系统全面的理论体系；缺乏在实践中的指导方针。（5）提出了本文的创新点，分别是首次将都市农业发展纳入到小城镇规划中去研究；建立了小城镇都市农业的综合评价体系；建立了小城镇都市农业优化配置模式；提出了小城镇都市农业规划条例编制的几点具体内容。第二部分是关于都市农业理论和实践的研究。首先，介绍了关于都市农业规划实践中仍在使用的理论——杜能的圈层理论。目前在大城市的周边，例如北京、上海等大城市周边的都市农业的发展中仍可以看到杜能圈的痕迹。近几年，伴随着国际上对都市农业研究的日益高涨，出现了食物城市主义、连贯式生产性景观理论（CPULs）、食物敏感型规划与城市设计理论（FSPUD）的有关都市农业的最新理论。其次，通过比较分析美国、欧洲和亚洲地区的几个发达国家以及我国几个大城市的都市农业实践，归纳出都市农业的几种发展模式。分别是农业圈层模式、农业区域模式、农业生产经营模式和农业旅游模式。再次，总结了都市农业具有空间布局多样化、功能多样化、高度产业化市场化、智能化和信息化以及可持续发展的特征。最后，根据各地区的都市农业发展现状和研究现状，按照都市农业的存在方式和布局形式，总结出都市农业的发展类型。整合城市用地可以分为社区庭院、城市公园、附属苗圃、市民农园、家庭农场；整合建筑空间可以分为屋顶种植、建筑内种植、地下空间种植、建筑表皮种植、垂直农场。第三部分是关于都市农业在小城镇的发展分析。首先，介绍了都市农业在小城镇发展还处于起步萌芽期，各地区的小城镇发展还极不平衡，目前仍处于无序无规划发展现状。分析了都市农业在小城镇发展的必要性，有着先天的发展优势，并且可以促进小城镇的发展。其次，详细介绍了SWOT分析法的概念、分析过程以及在都市农业规划中的应用和意义。再次，利用SWOT分析对小城镇都市农业发展中的优势因素、劣势因素、机会因素、威胁因素做了全面的介绍和分析。优势因素是指具有较强的区位优势，拥有大量低廉的土地资源和农业耕作技术的剩余劳动力，农业生产成本低效益高，拥有一定的科技基础和先天的产业优势。劣势因素是指从业人员素质低，缺乏农业专业技术人才和高科技人才，务农人员收入偏低，农业信息化水平不高，交通设施配套不完善，运输能力有限，水资源污染日趋严重。机会因素是指土地利用潜力大，农业旅游发展空间大，农产品加工空间大，政策利好。威胁因素是指生态环境压力不断加大，农业投入资金不足，土地资源减少，缺少相应的政策法规指导。最后，针对SWOT的分析结果，提出了小城镇都市农业的发展建议。应该加强对农业用地的保护和土地的综合利用；保持生态环境的可持续发展；增加资金和科技投入；加强基础设施建设，开发农业旅游产业；重视都市农业各类人才队伍建设，提升整体素质；制定法规政策，加强规划管理；挖掘具有地方特色的都市农业。第四部分是关于小城镇都市农业发展综合评价体系的研究。首先，明确了小城镇都市农业发展综合评价体系的构建原因；依据了整体性与层次性，全面性与代表性，科学性与可操作性，可比性与同一性的构建原则；采用了专家调查法、替代成本法、层次分析法的构建方法。其次，在分析总结大量其他学科对都市农业评价体系的研究基础上，结合小城镇发展评价体系的研究成果，根据都市农业当前的发展现状,建立了包括土地因素、经济因素、社会因素、环境因素四大类的都市农业综合评价指标体系，从60个初选指标中筛选出27个重要指标来分析小城镇都市农业的发展水平。再次，在城镇用地布局上，按照城市基础设施、社会经济因素、生态环境因素建立了都市农业优化配置模式，合理安排都市农业的发展区域，来指导城市规划者的规划方案。最后，以荷兰代尔夫特为案例进行分析，得出了一个都市农业分配布局方案,为我国小城镇的都市农业规划和决策提供了一个讨论平台。第五部分是关于北京周边三个小城镇都市农业发展情况的介绍和比较分析。首先，对北京周边三个小城镇的基本概况和都市农业的发展现状做了简单介绍和比较分析。其次，利用SWOT分析总结了三个小城镇都市农业发展所共有的优势因素、劣势因素、机会因素、威胁因素。优势因素是指具有较强的交通和区位优势；有着天然的资源集聚优势；拥有丰富良好的自然人文优势；拥有先天的产业发展优势；拥有丰富的水资源和旅游资源优势。劣势因素是指从业人员素质低，老龄化严重；土地资源利用率低；市场影响力小；产业化水平较低；旅游接待能力落后。机会因素是指潜在客户市场大；土地资源潜力大；农产品加工空间大；道路与交通完善；政府支持。威胁因素是指生态环境受到威胁；水资源浪费严重；农产品区位特色不明显。再次，明确了北京周边这三个小城镇的功能定位。分别是为京津冀经济圈提供一个有益于身心健康、陶冶情操的地域空间和旅游休闲观光的新选择；调整镇域经济的产业结构，改善农业的生产结构，更新农业的经营理念和发展模式，增加居民的收益；为合理开发利用与保护镇域自然与文化资源提供了新的途径；增加居民就业机会；促进小城镇社会的和谐发展。遵循了生态优先、合理利用土地、城乡统筹发展、可持续发展的原则；总结了三个小城镇现有的都市农业的发展类型。最后，针对现存的问题和SWOT分析结果，提出了北京周边三个小城镇都市农业的总体发展策略，打造当地特色，保护生态环境，提高人员素质，多种经营方式的对策建议。第六部分是关于小城镇都市农业规划编制建议的研究。首先，提出小城镇都市农业规划编制的原因、依据、原则和步骤。其次，明确小城镇规划编制的内容。分别是明确小城镇都市农业规划模式；将都市农业用地纳入城镇用地建设用地分类中；制定了几个技术指标；制定了都市农业规划的奖罚细则。再次，建立了多元的规划机制，强调了规划师、公众、私营机构等社会各界的参与。最后，提出了小城镇都市农业规划发展方向。需要因地制宜进行都市农业规模调整，结合永续农业/景观农业发展都市农业。需要以保护自然环境、维护生态平衡为前提。需要开发利用太阳能、风能、沼气等生态能源。需要加强交通体系和公共设施的建设，利用节水系统、雨水收集系统、污水处理系统、水质提升系统以及温室生态卫生系统等的技术处理系统。需要通过提高劳动力整体素质，加强群众参与，自主管理机制，协调农村与城镇发展，来改善社会整体环境。小城镇都市农业规划应尊重地域文化特色，尊重当地的生态系统和文化脉络。第七部分是对整个研究过程的总结和未来工作的展望。尽管中外学者对于都市农业的研究热度正在上升，但是该领域的研究时间并不长，尤其在我国的规划建筑领域内的研究，仅仅开展了三年多的时间，同时缺乏系统的实践和政策的指导。由于客观的环境条件以及自身的能力所限，笔者对该领域的研究广度和研究深度都存在着欠缺。在研究的广度方面，由于都市农业的内涵包含了经济、社会、文化、环境、空间、技术等各方面的内容，笔者单纯以城市规划、建筑学科的背景研究显然不能够对其进行完整的覆盖，因此本文将重点放在小城镇都市农业的SWOT分析和评价体系之上；在将农业纳入城市规划体系的研究中，仅对控规层面展开讨论，尚没有提出覆盖完整规划体系的系统策略。在认识的深度方面，由于大量的实践还处于农业与城市建筑空间整合的浅表阶段或者还处于规划建筑设计方案阶段，尚缺乏定量研究，对于农业在城市各个空间尺度中的效益缺乏量化评估，对控规中的都市农业指标体系的研究也需要进一步深化和探讨。在未来该领域的研究工作中，需要针对研究的广度和深度进行进一步的拓展。在研究的广度方面，进一步探索农业在城市规划中合法化的途径，将农业完整地纳入到城市规划的体系中，探索系统的都市农业规划、城市食物规划的可能；将研究的空间范围从发达地区的小城镇扩展到发展地区、不发达地区的小城镇，视野拓展到乡村，以农业的视角审视城乡关系，在宏观的层面考察“城市——农业——乡村”的关系。在研究的深度方面，进一步的对小城镇进行分类去分别研究不同类型小城镇的都市农业发展情况；在实践中，通过大量进一步的实地调研和资料收集，来进行量化研究，尤其是要对控规中与都市农业相关的指标体系进行研究，来进一步检验都市农业综合评价体系的优劣。尽管都市农业的实践，在中国的城市才刚刚开始，农业活动究竟是昙花一现还是星星之火仍然需要时间的检验，但这种自发性的、自下而上的社会运动式的城市建设和参与模式显然是可贵的，是值得鼓励和引导的。随着我国小城镇的迅速发展，小城镇的都市农业发展模式也将成为实现城镇跨越式发展的重要谋略而被寄予厚望。作为对传统发展模式的反思，都市农业发展模式强调以农业资源及生态环境为依托，统筹三大产业，经济、高效地配置土地资源，强化城乡地域关联。随着理论研究与实践活动的不断深入，小城镇的都市农业发展必将展现出其独特的优势，给小城镇的发展带来更大的活力。
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（1）生态补奖政策和畜牧业生产风险对牧户放牧行为的影响 ——中国内蒙古实证研究（论文提纲范文）
| ABSTRACT(摘要) |
| ABSTRACT(English) |
| LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS |
| CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION |
| 1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION |
| 1.2 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY |
| 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES |
| 1.3.1 Specific objectives |
| 1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY |
| 1.5 RESEARCH CONTENT AND OUTLINE |
| Research Outline |
| CHAPTER TWO:LITERATURE REVIEW |
| 2.1 DEFINITION OF GRASSLANDS |
| 2.2 ECOLOGY OF GRASSLANDS |
| 2.3 THE CONCEPT OF STOCKING RATE |
| 2.4 EFFECT OF STOCKING RATE ON GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM |
| 2.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STOCKING RATE AND RISK |
| 2.6 HERDERS OVERGRAZING BEHAVIOUR AND PERCEPTION OF STOCKING RATE |
| 2.7 THE LINK BETWEEN STOCKING RATE,RISK,AND PASTORAL PERCEPTION |
| 2.8 OVERGRAZING AND GRASSLAND DEGRADATION IN NORTHERN CHINA |
| 2.9 SUPPLEMENTARY FEED,STOCKING RATE,AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION |
| 2.9.1 Supplementary feed cost |
| 2.10 GRASSLAND ECOLOGICAL POLICIES IN CHINA |
| 2.10.1 Household contract responsibility system |
| 2.10.2 Returning grazing land to grassland project |
| 2.10.3 Eco-compensation policy |
| 2.11 GRASSLAND POLICIES AND LAND RENTAL MARKETS |
| 2.11.1 Transfer of grassland use right |
| 2.12 THE CONCEPT OF LIVELIHOOD |
| 2.13 LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION |
| 2.14 LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES |
| 2.14.1 Factors affecting livelihood strategies |
| CHAPTER THREE:RISK-OVERGRAZING RELATIONSHIP MODEL:AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF GRASSLAND FARMS IN INNER MONGOLIA,CHINA |
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 3.2 METHODS |
| 3.2.1 Study area |
| 3.2.2 Household survey |
| 3.2.3 Statistical analysis |
| 3.3 RESULTS |
| 3.3.1 Descriptive statistics of the surveyed households |
| 3.3.2 Drivers of stocking rate before subsidy and reward policy |
| 3.3.3 Drivers of stocking rate after subsidy and reward policy implementation |
| 3.3.4 Drivers of stocking rate2010 vs 2015 |
| 3.4 DISCUSSION |
| 3.4.1 Drivers of stocking rate before the subsidy and reward policy |
| 3.4.2 Drivers of stocking rate after subsidy and reward policy implementation |
| 3.4.3 Implications of subsidy and reward policy on stocking rate |
| 3.5 CONCLUSION |
| CHAPTER FOUR:UNDERSTANDING STOCKING RATE IN RESPONSE TO SUPPLEMENTARY FEED IN INNER MONGOLIA,CHINA |
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 4.1.1 Livestock production and supplementary feed |
| 4.1.2 Benefits and consequences of supplementary feed |
| 4.1.2.1 Benefits |
| 4.1.2.2 Ecological consequences |
| 4.1.2.3 Supplementary feed cost |
| 4.1.3 Relationship between stocking rate and supplementary feed |
| 4.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY |
| 4.2.1 Study area |
| 4.2.2 Sampling procedure and data collection |
| 4.2.3 Data analysis |
| 4.3 RESULTS |
| 4.3.1 Socio-economic characteristics of respondents |
| 4.3.2 Stocking rate |
| 4.3.3 Supplementary feed cost |
| 4.3.4 Multivariate regression analysis |
| 4.3.4.1 Aggregated panel data regression results |
| 4.4 DISCUSSION |
| 4.5 CONCLUSION |
| CHAPTER FIVE:INTEGRATION OF SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL FACTORS AND RISK PERCEPTION OF HERDERS TO ASSESS GRASSLAND RENT IN INNER MONGOLIA,CHINA |
| 5.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS |
| 5.2.1 Study area |
| 5.2.2 Analytical framework |
| 5.2.3 Household survey and data collection |
| 5.2.4 Households herd structure and livestock production |
| 5.2.5 Statistical analysis |
| 5.2.5.1 Multiple linear regression analysis |
| 5.2.5.2 Inspecting assumptions |
| 5.2.5.3 Assessing suitable method of multiple linear regression |
| 5.2.5.4 Stepwise multiple linear regression model equation |
| 5.2.5.5 Analysis of variance |
| 5.2.5.6 Descriptive statistics |
| 5.3 RESULTS |
| 5.4 DISCUSSION |
| 5.5 CONCLUSION |
| CHAPTER SIX:SENSITIVITY OF LIVELIHOOD STRATEGY TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND MARKETISATION IN INNER MONGOLIA,CHINA |
| 6.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 6.1.1 The concept of livelihood and livelihood strategy |
| 6.1.2 Factors affecting livestock strategy |
| 6.1.3 Livestock production and marketisation in Inner Mongolia |
| 6.1.4 Justification for the study |
| 6.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS |
| 6.2.1 Description of the study area |
| 6.2.2 Sampling distribution and data collection |
| 6.2.3 Descriptive analysis |
| 6.2.4 Livelihood strategy classification |
| 6.2.5 Data standardization |
| 6.2.6 Sensitivity of livelihood strategy:application of logistic regression modeling |
| 6.2.7 Test for multicollinearity |
| 6.2.8 Estimation of lambing rate and selling rate |
| 6.3 RESULTS |
| 6.3.1 Summary statistics of surveyed households |
| 6.3.2 Multinomial logistic regression results |
| 6.3.3 Sensitivity of livelihood strategy to livestock production |
| 6.3.4 Sensitivity of livelihood strategy to livestock marketisation |
| 6.3.5 Herders perception of market risk |
| 6.4 DISCUSSION |
| 6.4.1 Sensitivity of livelihood strategy to livestock production |
| 6.4.2 Sensitivity of livelihood strategy to livestock marketisation |
| 6.4.3 Herders perception of market risk |
| 6.4.4 Policy implications |
| 6.5 CONCLUSION |
| CHAPTER SEVEN:CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION |
| 7.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 7.2 CONCLUSIONS FROM THE RESEARCH FINDINGS |
| 7.3 CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE |
| 7.3.1 Stocking rate,overgrazing,and grassland policies |
| 7.3.2 Supplementary feed and livestock intensification |
| 7.3.3 Transfer of grassland use right and livestock production |
| 7.3.4 Sensitivity of livelihood strategy to livestock production and marketisation |
| 7.4 RECOMMENDATIONS |
| REFERENCES |
| APPENDIX A |
| APPENDIX B |
| RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE Ⅰ |
| RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE Ⅱ |
| APPENDIX C |
| RESEARCH GALLERY |
| Research Gallery |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT |
| JIMOH SAHEED OLAIDE |
（2）巴基斯坦人民对“一带一路”的社会学分析：中巴经济走廊潜在社会文化影响的个案研究（论文提纲范文）
| 中文摘要 |
| Abstract |
| List of Abbreviations |
| Chapter-1: Introduction |
| 1.1 Background |
| 1.2 What is BRI |
| 1.3 Components of BRI |
| 1.4 What is One Belt One Road |
| 1.5 Routes of the OBOR |
| 1.6 China-Pakistan Economic Corridor |
| 1.7 What is Economic Corridor |
| 1.8 What is CPEC |
| 1.9 Comparison of the two Economic Corridors |
| 1.10 Vision of the CPEC |
| 1.11 Approved Projects under the CPEC in Pakistan |
| 1.12 Transportation and Infrastructure Development Projects |
| 1.13 Development of Gwadar Port |
| 1.14 Special Economic Zones |
| 1.15 Routes of the CPEC within Pakistan |
| 1.16 Security Issues to the CPEC |
| 1.17 Importance of the CPEC |
| 1.18 Statement of the Problem |
| 1.19 Objectives of the Study |
| 1.20 Study Design |
| 1.21 Study Limitations |
| Chapter-2: Review of Literature |
| 2.1 Background |
| 2.2 The Perception of the Pakistani People Regarding CPEC |
| 2.3 The Expected Impact of the CPEC on Social Development |
| 2.4 The CPEC and Rural Development |
| 2.5 The CPEC and Urban Development |
| 2.6 The CPEC Role in the Improvement of Health and Education |
| 2.7 Employment and Business Opportunities under the CPEC |
| 2.8 The Expected Impact of the CPEC on Common Man's Life and Poverty Alleviation |
| 2.9 The Expected Impact of the CPEC on Economic Development |
| 2.10 Production of Electric Energy under the CPEC |
| 2.11 The Gwadar Sea Port Development under the CPEC |
| 2.12 The Special Economic Zones under the CPEC |
| 2.13 Extraction of Natural Resources under the CPEC |
| 2.14 The Rising Estate Activity under the CPEC |
| 2.15 Enhancement of the GDP |
| 2.16 Increase of the FDI |
| 2.17 The Expected Impact of the CPEC on Culture |
| 2.18 Barriers in the Implementation of the CPEC |
| 2.19 Theoretical Framework |
| Chapter-3: Materials and Methods |
| 3.1 Introduction |
| 3.2 Methodology of the Present Reseaerch |
| 3.3 The Data Collection Method |
| 3.4 The Data Collection Tool and Procedure |
| 3.5 The Conceptualization and Conceptual Framework |
| 3.6 Social Impact |
| 3.7 Cultural Impact |
| 3.8 Developmental Impact |
| 3.9 Dealing with the Data |
| Chapter-4. Results and Discussions |
| 4.1 Uni-variate Analysis |
| 4.2 Bi-Variate Analysis |
| 4.3 Multi-Variate Analysis |
| Chapter-5. Summary |
| 5.1 Background |
| 5.2 Main Findings |
| 5.3 Discussions |
| 5.4 Discussions in Theoretical Perspective |
| 5.5 Conclusion |
| 5.6 Recommendations |
| References |
| Appendix |
| Summary of the Dissertation |
| Acknowledgement |
（3）俄罗斯城市可持续发展及其对中国城市的启示研究（论文提纲范文）
| 摘要 |
| ABSTRACT |
| CHAPTER Ⅰ Introduction |
| 1.1 Research background |
| 1.2 Research goal and objectives |
| 1.3 Literature review |
| 1.3.1 Concept of sustainable development |
| 1.3.2 Social-Economic aspects of regional planning and urban development in Russia |
| 1.4 Materials and methods |
| 1.4.1 Research framework |
| 1.4.2 Materials and methods |
| CHAPTER Ⅱ Concept of Sustainable Development |
| 2.1 Sustainable development |
| 2.1.1 Phenomenon 'climate change' |
| 2.1.2 Urbanization |
| 2.1.3 Relationship between climate change and urbanization |
| 2.1.4 International level commitments |
| 2.1.5 Conclusion |
| 2.2 Sustainable urban planning in Russian Federation |
| 2.2.1 Introduction |
| 2.2.2 Sustainable development in Russia |
| 2.2.3 Russian town-planning legislative base |
| 2.2.4 Russian national green building technical legislative base |
| 2.2.5 GIS Technology into the Russian town-planning practice |
| 2.2.6 Conclusion |
| 2.3 Sustainable urban planning in People's Republic of China |
| 2.3.1 Introduction |
| 2.3.2 Sustainable development in China |
| 2.3.3 Chinese urban planning legislative base National Garden City |
| 2.3.4 Chinese national green building technical legislative base |
| 2.3.5 Conclusion |
| References |
| CHAPTER Ⅲ Transformation of the Scientific Views on the Process of Urbanization |
| 3.1 Process of urbanization in Russian Federation |
| 3.1.1 Introduction |
| 3.1.2 Three waves of Russian urbanization |
| 3.1.3 First wave of urbanization1860s- |
| 3.1.4 Second wave of urbanization1926- |
| 3.1.5 Third wave of urbanization in1950s |
| 3.1.6 Conclusion |
| 3.2 Process of urbanization in People's Republic of China |
| 3.2.1 Introduction |
| 3.2.2 Three great historical transformations of China |
| 3.2.3 First historical transformation(1911) |
| 3.2.4 Second historical transformation(1949) |
| 3.2.5 Third historical transformation(1978) |
| 3.2.6 Conclusion |
| References |
| 3.3 Results of the comparative analysis of sustainable urban development in Russian Federation and People's Republic of China |
| 3.3.1 Introduction |
| 3.3.2 Has comparative analysis value? |
| 3.3.3 What is the valuable experience of both countries in the modern urban development? |
| 3.3.4 Conclusion |
| CHAPTER Ⅳ Socio-economic aspects of regional planning and urban development in Russian Federation |
| 4.1 Introduction |
| 4.2 Literature review |
| 4.3 Historical background |
| 4.4 All-Russia forum‘Strategic Planning in the Regions and Cities of Russia’ |
| 4.5 Inquire into the relationship between priorities of sustainable development,strategic planning and Russian socio-economic policy |
| 4.5.1 Strategic planning system of the Russian Federation |
| 4.5.2 Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation to 2025 |
| 4.5.3 Interrelation of the documents of strategic and territorial planning of Russian Federation |
| 4.5.4 Russian state policy of innovation development |
| 4.6 Conclusion |
| References |
| CHAPTER Ⅴ Historical overview of the Soviet science cities development |
| 5.1 Introduction |
| 5.2 Historical overview of the science cities development1917-1980s |
| 5.2.1 Urban design trends in the science settlements creation,1930s |
| 5.2.2 Urban design trends in science cities establishment after the Great Patriotic War.The beginning period of the Cold War |
| 5.2.3 Urban design trends in the science cities establishment in1960-1970.The period of the formulation of a standard approach to design and construction |
| 5.2.4 Summing up the results of the Soviet period of the construction of the science cities of1930s-1980s |
| 5.3 Urban design trends in the science cities establishment in1990s |
| 5.4 Urban design trends in the science cities establishment after2010s |
| 5.5 Conclusion |
| References |
| CHAPTER Ⅵ Russian innovation infrastructure |
| 6.1 Introduction |
| 6.2 National innovation system of the Russian Federation |
| 6.3 Innovation Infrastructure:territorial level |
| 6.3.1 Innovation special economic zones |
| 6.3.2 Innovation and industrial clusters' |
| 6.4 Innovation infrastructure physical level:technoparks and business incubators |
| 6.4.1 Technoparks |
| 6.4.2 Technopark-leaders of the II National Russian Technoparks Ranking-2016 |
| 6.5 Conclusion |
| References |
| CHAPTER Ⅶ CASE OF STUDY:Skolkovo Innovation Center |
| 7.1 Introduction |
| 7.1.1 Skolkovo Innovation Center |
| 7.2 Aim of creating Skolkovo Innovation Center |
| 7.3 Types of infrastructure of the Skolkovo Innovation Center |
| 7.4 Results of international competition for Skolkovo IC master plan concept |
| 7.4.1 Finalist of international competition for Skolkovo IC Masterplan OMA |
| 7.4.2 Winner of international competition for Skolkovo IC master plan- AREP |
| 7.5 Structure of Skolkovo IC Town Planning Board |
| 7.6 Development strategy and documents of Skolkovo IC master plan |
| 7.7 Skolkovo IC infrastructure construction financial program |
| 7.8 Transport accessibility to Skolkovo IC |
| 7.9 Key institutions facilities of the Skolkovo IC |
| 7.9.1 Skoltech- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology |
| 7.9.2 Research and development centres of the Skolkovo IC District D |
| 7.9.3 Skolkovo Technopark building |
| 7.9.4 Business Center Amaltea(BC Gallery) |
| 7.9.5 IT-Cluster Business Park of the Skolkovo IC |
| 7.9.6 Transmashholding Corporate Research Center |
| 7.9.7 Hypercube the First Building of Skolkovo IC |
| 7.9.8 Skolkovo Business Center(MatRex) |
| 7.9.9 Sberbank Technopark |
| 7.10 Social infrastructure facilities of Skolkovo IC |
| 7.11 Housing facilities of Skolkovo IC |
| 7.11.1 Central Zone Z |
| 7.11.2 South District D |
| 7.11.3 Technopark District D |
| 7.12 Skolkovo IC landscape design |
| 7.13 Conclusion |
| CHAPTER Ⅷ Russian town-planning science in the context of socio-economic transformations |
| 8.1 Introduction |
| 8.2 Definition of the term"gradostroitelstvo" |
| 8.3 Historical overview of the town-planning science in Russia |
| 8.3.1 Socialist town-planning1917- |
| 8.3.2 Socialist town-planning1933- |
| 8.3.3 Socialist town-planning1941- |
| 8.3.4 Socialist town-planning1941- |
| 8.4 Theoretical foundations and unique traditions of town-planning science in Russia |
| 8.5 Russian fundamental research in the field of town-planning |
| 8.6 Course of town-planning in the Russian education system |
| 8.6.1 The town-planning faculty of the Moscow Architectural Institute(State Academy)MARHI |
| 8.6.2 Vysokovsky Graduate School of Urbanism |
| 8.6.3 Strelka Institute for Media,Architecture and Design |
| 8.6.4 MARCH Architecture School |
| 8.6.5 Summarizing the analysis of four urban planning schools in Russia |
| 8.7 Applied town-planning science |
| 8.7.1 Methods of town-planning analysis |
| 8.7.2 Interdisciplinary methods of town-planning analysis |
| 8.8 Conclusion |
| References |
| CONCLUSION |
| SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY AND PRACTICE |
| APPENDIX Ⅰ |
| APPENDIX Ⅱ |
| APPENDIX Ⅲ |
| APPENDIX Ⅳ |
| APPENDIX Ⅴ |
| APPENDIX Ⅵ |
| APPENDIX Ⅶ |
| APPENDIX Ⅷ |
| APPENDIX Ⅸ |
| APPENDIX Ⅹ |
| APPENDIX ⅩⅠ |
| APPENDIX ⅩⅡ |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
| SCIENTIFIC ACHIVEMENTS |
| Appreciate |
（4）New innovations in pavement materials and engineering:A review on pavement engineering research 2021（论文提纲范文）
| 1. Introduction |
| (1) With the society development pavement engineering facing unprecedented opportunities and challenges |
| (2) With the modern education development pavement engineering facing unprecedented accumulation of scientific manpower and literature |
| 2. Asphalt binder performance and modeling |
| 2.1. Binder damage,healing and aging behaviors |
| 2.1.1. Binder healing characterization and performance |
| 2.1.1. 1. Characterizing approaches for binder healing behavior. |
| 2.1.1. 2. Various factors influencing binder healing performance. |
| 2.1.2. Asphalt aging:mechanism,evaluation and control strategy |
| 2.1.2. 1. Phenomena and mechanisms of asphalt aging. |
| 2.1.2. 2. Simulation methods of asphalt aging. |
| 2.1.2. 3. Characterizing approaches for asphalt aging behavior. |
| 2.1.2. 4. Anti-aging additives used for controlling asphalt aging. |
| 2.1.3. Damage in the characterization of binder cracking performance |
| 2.1.3. 1. Damage characterization based on rheological properties. |
| 2.1.3. 2. Damage characterization based on fracture properties. |
| 2.1.4. Summary and outlook |
| 2.2. Mechanism of asphalt modification |
| 2.2.1. Development of polymer modified asphalt |
| 2.2.1. 1. Strength formation of modified asphalt. |
| 2.2.1. 2. Modification mechanism by molecular dynamics simulation. |
| 2.2.1. 3. The relationship between microstructure and properties of asphalt. |
| 2.2.2. Application of the MD simulation |
| 2.2.2. 1. Molecular model of asphalt. |
| 2.2.2. 2. Molecular configuration of asphalt. |
| 2.2.2. 3. Self-healing behaviour. |
| 2.2.2. 4. Aging mechanism. |
| 2.2.2. 5. Adhesion mechanism. |
| 2.2.2. 6. Diffusion behaviour. |
| 2.2.3. Summary and outlook |
| 2.3. Modeling and application of crumb rubber modified asphalt |
| 2.3.1. Modeling and mechanism of rubberized asphalt |
| 2.3.1. 1. Rheology of bituminous binders. |
| 2.3.1. 2. Rheological property prediction of CRMA. |
| 2.3.2. Micromechanics-based modeling of rheological properties of CRMA |
| 2.3.2. 1. Composite system of CRMA based on homogenization theory. |
| 2.3.2. 2. Input parameters for micromechanical models of CRMA. |
| 2.3.2. 3. Analytical form of micromechanical models of CRMA. |
| 2.3.2. 4. Future recommendations for improving micro-mechanical prediction performance. |
| 2.3.3. Design and performance of rubberized asphalt |
| 2.3.3. 1. The interaction between rubber and asphalt fractions. |
| 2.3.3. 2. Engineering performance of rubberized asphalt. |
| 2.3.3. 3. Mixture design. |
| 2.3.3. 4. Warm mix rubberized asphalt. |
| 2.3.3. 5. Reclaiming potential of rubberized asphalt pavement. |
| 2.3.4. Economic and Environmental Effects |
| 2.3.5. Summary and outlook |
| 3. Mixture performance and modeling of pavement materials |
| 3.1. The low temperature performance and freeze-thaw damage of asphalt mixture |
| 3.1.1. Low temperature performance of asphalt mixture |
| 3.1.1. 1. Low temperature cracking mechanisms. |
| 3.1.1. 2. Experimental methods to evaluate the low temperature performance of asphalt binders. |
| 3.1.1. 3. Experimental methods to evaluate the low temperature performance of asphalt mixtures. |
| 3.1.1. 4. Low temperature behavior of asphalt materials. |
| 3.1.1.5.Effect factors of low temperature performance of asphalt mixture. |
| 3.1.1. 6. Improvement of low temperature performance of asphalt mixture. |
| 3.1.2. Freeze-thaw damage of asphalt mixtures |
| 3.1.2. 1. F-T damage mechanisms. |
| 3.1.2. 2. Evaluation method of F-T damage. |
| 3.1.2. 3. F-T damage behavior of asphalt mixture. |
| (1) Evolution of F-T damage of asphalt mixture |
| (2) F-T damage evolution model of asphalt mixture |
| (3) Distribution and development of asphalt mixture F-T damage |
| 3.1.2. 4. Effect factors of freeze thaw performance of asphalt mixture. |
| 3.1.2. 5. Improvement of freeze thaw resistance of asphalt mixture. |
| 3.1.3. Summary and outlook |
| 3.2. Long-life rigid pavement and concrete durability |
| 3.2.1. Long-life cement concrete pavement |
| 3.2.1. 1. Continuous reinforced concrete pavement. |
| 3.2.1. 2. Fiber reinforced concrete pavement. |
| 3.2.1. 3. Two-lift concrete pavement. |
| 3.2.2. Design,construction and performance of CRCP |
| 3.2.2. 1. CRCP distress and its mechanism. |
| 3.2.2. 2. The importance of crack pattern on CRCP performance. |
| 3.2.2. 3. Corrosion of longitudinal steel. |
| 3.2.2. 4. AC+CRCP composite pavement. |
| 3.2.2. 5. CRCP maintenance and rehabilitation. |
| 3.2.3. Durability of the cementitious materials in concrete pavement |
| 3.2.3. 1. Deterioration mechanism of sulfate attack and its in-fluence on concrete pavement. |
| 3.2.3. 2. Development of alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete pavement. |
| 3.2.3. 3. Influence of freeze-thaw cycles on concrete pavement. |
| 3.2.4. Summary and outlook |
| 3.3. Novel polymer pavement materials |
| 3.3.1. Designable PU material |
| 3.3.1. 1. PU binder. |
| 3.3.1.2.PU mixture. |
| 3.3.1. 3. Material genome design. |
| 3.3.2. Novel polymer bridge deck pavement material |
| 3.3.2. 1. Requirements for the bridge deck pavement material. |
| 3.3.2.2.Polyurethane bridge deck pavement material(PUBDPM). |
| 3.3.3. PU permeable pavement |
| 3.3.3. 1. Permeable pavement. |
| 3.3.3. 2. PU porous pavement materials. |
| 3.3.3. 3. Hydraulic properties of PU permeable pavement materials. |
| 3.3.3. 4. Mechanical properties of PU permeable pavement ma-terials. |
| 3.3.3. 5. Environmental advantages of PU permeable pavement materials. |
| 3.3.4. Polyurethane-based asphalt modifier |
| 3.3.4. 1. Chemical and genetic characteristics of bitumen and polyurethane-based modifier. |
| 3.3.4. 2. The performance and modification mechanism of polyurethane modified bitumen. |
| 3.3.4. 3. The performance of polyurethane modified asphalt mixture. |
| 3.3.4. 4. Environmental and economic assessment of poly-urethane modified asphalt. |
| 3.3.5. Summary and outlook |
| 3.4. Reinforcement materials for road base/subrgrade |
| 3.4.1. Flowable solidified fill |
| 3.4.1. 1. Material composition design. |
| 3.4.1. 2. Performance control. |
| 3.4.1. 3. Curing mechanism. |
| 3.4.1. 4. Construction applications. |
| 3.4.1.5.Environmental impact assessment. |
| 3.4.1. 6. Development prospects and challenges. |
| 3.4.2. Stabilization materials for problematic soil subgrades |
| 3.4.2.1.Stabilization materials for loess. |
| 3.4.2. 2. Stabilization materials for expansive soil. |
| 3.4.2. 3. Stabilization materials for saline soils. |
| 3.4.2. 4. Stabilization materials for soft soils. |
| 3.4.3. Geogrids in base course reinforcement |
| 3.4.3. 1. Assessment methods for evaluating geogrid reinforce-ment in flexible pavements. |
| (1) Reinforced granular material |
| (2) Reinforced granular base course |
| 3.4.3. 2. Summary. |
| 3.4.4. Summary and outlook |
| 4. Multi-scale mechanics |
| 4.1. Interface |
| 4.1.1. Multi-scale evaluation method of interfacial interaction between asphalt binder and mineral aggregate |
| 4.1.1. 1. Molecular dynamics simulation of asphalt adsorption behavior on mineral aggregate surface. |
| 4.1.1. 2. Experimental study on absorption behavior of asphalt on aggregate surface. |
| 4.1.1. 3. Research on evaluation method of interaction between asphalt and mineral powder. |
| (1) Rheological mechanical method |
| (2) Microscopic test |
| 4.1.1. 4. Study on evaluation method of interaction between asphalt and aggregate. |
| 4.1.2. Multi-scale numerical simulation method considering interface effect |
| 4.1.2. 1. Multi-scale effect of interface. |
| 4.1.2. 2. Study on performance of asphalt mixture based on micro nano scale testing technology. |
| 4.1.2. 3. Study on the interface between asphalt and aggregate based on molecular dynamics. |
| 4.1.2. 4. Study on performance of asphalt mixture based on meso-mechanics. |
| 4.1.2. 5. Mesoscopic numerical simulation test of asphalt mixture. |
| 4.1.3. Multi-scale investigation on interface deterioration |
| 4.1.4. Summary and outlook |
| 4.2. Multi-scales and numerical methods in pavement engineering |
| 4.2.1. Asphalt pavement multi-scale system |
| 4.2.1. 1. Multi-scale definitions from literatures. |
| 4.2.1. 2. A newly-proposed Asphalt Pavement Multi-scale System. |
| (1) Structure-scale |
| (2) Mixture-scale |
| (3) Material-scale |
| 4.2.1. 3. Research Ideas in the newly-proposed multi-scale sys- |
| 4.2.2. Multi-scale modeling methods |
| 4.2.2. 1. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations. |
| 4.2.2. 2. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. |
| 4.2.2. 3. Composite micromechanics methods. |
| 4.2.2. 4. Finite element method (FEM) simulations. |
| 4.2.2. 5. Discrete element method (DEM) simulations. |
| 4.2.3. Cross-scale modeling methods |
| 4.2.3. 1. Mechanism of cross-scale calculation. |
| 4.2.3. 2. Multi-scale FEM method. |
| 4.2.3. 3. FEM-DEM coupling method. |
| 4.2.3. 4. NMM family methods. |
| 4.2.4. Summary and outlook |
| 4.3. Pavement mechanics and analysis |
| 4.3.1. Constructive methods to pavement response analysis |
| 4.3.1. 1. Viscoelastic constructive models. |
| 4.3.1. 2. Anisotropy and its characterization. |
| 4.3.1. 3. Mathematical methods to asphalt pavement response. |
| 4.3.2. Finite element modeling for analyses of pavement mechanics |
| 4.3.2. 1. Geometrical dimension of the FE models. |
| 4.3.2. 2. Constitutive models of pavement materials. |
| 4.3.2. 3. Variability of material property along with different directions. |
| 4.3.2. 4. Loading patterns of FE models. |
| 4.3.2. 5. Interaction between adjacent pavement layers. |
| 4.3.3. Pavement mechanics test and parameter inversion |
| 4.3.3. 1. Nondestructive pavement modulus test. |
| 4.3.3. 2. Pavement structural parameters inversion method. |
| 4.3.4. Summary and outlook |
| 5. Green and sustainable pavement |
| 5.1. Functional pavement |
| 5.1.1. Energy harvesting function |
| 5.1.1. 1. Piezoelectric pavement. |
| 5.1.1. 2. Thermoelectric pavement. |
| 5.1.1. 3. Solar pavement. |
| 5.1.2. Pavement sensing function |
| 5.1.2. 1. Contact sensing device. |
| 5.1.2.2.Lidar based sensing technology. |
| 5.1.2. 3. Perception technology based on image/video stream. |
| 5.1.2. 4. Temperature sensing. |
| 5.1.2. 5. Traffic detection based on ontology perception. |
| 5.1.2. 6. Structural health monitoring based on ontology perception. |
| 5.1.3. Road adaptation and adjustment function |
| 5.1.3. 1. Radiation reflective pavement.Urban heat island effect refers to an increased temperature in urban areas compared to its surrounding rural areas (Fig.68). |
| 5.1.3. 2. Catalytical degradation of vehicle exhaust gases on pavement surface. |
| 5.1.3. 3. Self-healing pavement. |
| 5.1.4. Summary and outlook |
| 5.2. Renewable and sustainable pavement materials |
| 5.2.1. Reclaimed asphalt pavement |
| 5.2.1. 1. Hot recycled mixture technology. |
| 5.2.1. 2. Warm recycled mix asphalt technology. |
| 5.2.1. 3. Cold recycled mixture technology. |
| (1) Strength and performance of cold recycled mixture with asphalt emulsion |
| (2) Variability analysis of asphalt emulsion |
| (3) Future prospect of cold recycled mixture with asphalt emulsion |
| 5.2.2. Solid waste recycling in pavement |
| 5.2.2. 1. Construction and demolition waste. |
| (1) Recycled concrete aggregate |
| (2) Recycled mineral filler |
| 5.2.2. 2. Steel slag. |
| 5.2.2. 3. Waste tire rubber. |
| 5.2.3. Environment impact of pavement material |
| 5.2.3. 1. GHG emission and energy consumption of pavement material. |
| (1) Estimation of GHG emission and energy consumption |
| (2) Challenge and prospect of environment burden estimation |
| 5.2.3. 2. VOC emission of pavement material. |
| (1) Characterization and sources of VOC emission |
| (2) Health injury of VOC emission |
| (3) Inhibition of VOC emission |
| (4) Prospect of VOC emission study |
| 5.2.4. Summary and outlook |
| 6. Intelligent pavement |
| 6.1. Automated pavement defect detection using deep learning |
| 6.1.1. Automated data collection method |
| 6.1.1. 1. Digital camera. |
| 6.1.1.2.3D laser camera. |
| 6.1.1. 3. Structure from motion. |
| 6.1.2. Automated road surface distress detection |
| 6.1.2. 1. Image processing-based method. |
| 6.1.2. 2. Machine learning and deep learning-based methods. |
| 6.1.3. Pavement internal defect detection |
| 6.1.4. Summary and outlook |
| 6.2. Intelligent pavement construction and maintenance |
| 6.2.1. Intelligent pavement construction management |
| 6.2.1. 1. Standardized integration of BIM information resources. |
| 6.2.1. 2. Construction field capturing technologies. |
| 6.2.1. 3. Multi-source spatial data fusion. |
| 6.2.1. 4. Research on schedule management based on BIM. |
| 6.2.1. 5. Application of BIM information management system. |
| 6.2.2. Intelligent compaction technology for asphalt pavement |
| 6.2.2. 1. Weakened IntelliSense of ICT. |
| 6.2.2. 2. Poor adaptability of asphalt pavement compaction index. |
| (1) The construction process of asphalt pavement is affected by many complex factors |
| (2) Difficulty in model calculation caused by jumping vibration of vibrating drum |
| (3) There are challenges to the numerical stability and computational efficiency of the theoretical model |
| 6.2.2. 3. Insufficient research on asphalt mixture in vibratory rolling. |
| 6.2.3. Intelligent pavement maintenance decision-making |
| 6.2.3. 1. Basic functional framework. |
| 6.2.3. 2. Expert experience-based methods. |
| 6.2.3. 3. Priority-based methods. |
| 6.2.3. 4. Mathematical programming-based methods. |
| 6.2.3. 5. New-gen machine learning-based methods. |
| 6.2.4. Summary and outlook |
| (1) Pavement construction management |
| (2) Pavement compaction technology |
| (3) Pavement maintenance decision-making |
| 7. Conclusions |
| Conflict of interest |
（5）海上油气资源共同开发的法律问题研究 ——以尼圣共同开发案与塞毛共同开发案为重心（论文提纲范文）
| Acknowledgement |
| 内容摘要 |
| ABSTRACT |
| LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS |
| INTRODUCTION |
| Background |
| Aim and Significance of the Research |
| Approach and Methodology of the Research |
| Limitations of the Research |
| Outline of the Research |
| Literature Review |
| Chapter 1: Joint Development Theory in International Law |
| 1.1 Theories on Natural Resources' Exploitation in International Law |
| 1.1.1 Rule of Capture in International Law |
| 1.1.2 Theory Based on the Unilateral and Exclusive Exploitation of Natural Resources |
| 1.1.3 Cooperation as Contemporary Theory on Transboundary Natural Resources'Exploitation and Legal Status of Cooperation |
| 1.2 Definitions of the Concept of JDA in International Law |
| 1.3 Sources of Joint Development Agreement |
| 1.3.1 International Sources of Joint Development Agreements |
| 1.3.1.1 Conventional Law Sources |
| 1.3.1.2 UNGA Resolutions |
| 1.3.1.3 Judicial Decisions as Sources of International Law on Joint Development Agreements |
| 1.3.2 National Laws on Joint Development of Natural Resources |
| 1.4 Nature of Joint Development |
| 1.5 Classification of Joint Development Agreements |
| 1.5.1 Single State Model |
| 1.5.2 Compulsory Joint Venture System Model |
| 1.5.3 Joint Authority Model |
| 1.5.4 Is there any Standard Model for all Joint Development Agreements? |
| CHAPTER 2: Reasons for Joint Development and Brief Summary on JDAs |
| 2.1 Reasons for Joint Development Agreement between States |
| 2.1.1 Peaceful Co-Existence and Security |
| 2.1.2 Economic Considerations |
| 2.1.3 Third Party Decision or Running a Risk of Losing Everything? |
| 2.1.4 The Presence of Natural Resources and the Banning of Unilateral Action upon these Resources |
| 2.1.5 The Need to Attract Investors and the Desire to Preserve the Unity of Deposit |
| 2.2 Brief Summary on Existing Joint Development Agreements |
| 2.2.1 Joint Development Agreements on Non Living Resources |
| 2.2.2 Joint Development Agreements on Living Resources |
| 2.3 Existing JDAs in Africa with focus on Nigeria-Sao Tome &Principe and Seychelles-Mauritius JDA |
| 2.3.1 Angola and Democratic Republic of Congo Joint Development Agreement |
| 2.3.2 Tunisia- Libya Joint Development on their Disputed Continental Shelf |
| 2.3.3 Senegal-Guinea-Bissau Joint Development Agreement |
| 2.3.4 Nigeria- Sao Tome and Principe Joint Development Agreement v |
| 2.3.5 Mauritius and Seychelles Joint Management Agreement |
| 2.3.6 Findings on the Study of African States Practice of JDAs |
| Chapter 3: Main legal issues on African States' practice of Joint Development of Hydrocarbon at Seafrom Nigeria-Sao Tome & Principe and Seychelles-Mauritius Cases |
| 3.1 Legal Issues on UNCLOS Provisions Relating to Joint Development |
| 3.2 Legal Issues that Have Prevented DRC and Angola from Implementing their MoU on Joint Development |
| 3.3 Legal Issues on Nigeria-Sao Tome & Principe and Seychelles-Mauritius Joint Development Agreements |
| 3.3.1 Environmental Issues in Joint Development Agreements |
| 3.3.1.1 From Mere Environmental Provisions to Environmental Provisions within JDAs |
| 3.3.1.2 JDAs with Unambiguous and Detailed Environmental Protection's Provisions |
| 3.3.2 Delineation of Joint Development Zones and Third Parties Rights |
| 3.3.3 Previous License Granted by One of the State Party to the JDA and Contractors' Rights |
| 3.3.3.1 Previous License Granted by One of the State Party to the JDA |
| 3.3.3.2 Immunities and Privileges in JDAs |
| 3.3.4 Title to Resources on Joint Development Agreements and Inspectors' Rights |
| 3.3.4.1 Title to Resources on Joint Development Agreements |
| 3.3.4.2 Revenue Sharing Clauses in JDAs |
| 3.3.4.3 States Parties' Right Regarding Inspection of JDA's Implementation |
| 3.3.4.4 Criminal Jurisdictions in JDAs |
| 3.3.5 Dispute Settlement Mechanisms in JDAs |
| 3.3.5.1 Dispute Settlement Mechanisms |
| 3.3.5.2 The 'Without Prejudice Clause' |
| 3.4 Merits of African JDAs Practice and Lessons to Learn from other States Practice on JDA |
| 3.4.1 African Joint Development Practice: Evidence of Mutual Respect of Sovereign Equalityand Peace Promotion |
| 3.4.2 African Joint Development: Means of Acquisition and Development of PetroleumTechnology and Policies |
| 3.4.3 Seychelles-Mauiltius JDA: Any Contribution to International Law? |
| 3.4.4 Lessons to Learn from other States Practice on JDA |
| Chapter 4: Current Maritime Boundary Delimitation Disputes between some African States and JDAas Legal Approach toward the Resolution of these Disputes |
| 4.1 Natural Resources- Related Maritime Boundary Delimitation Disputes |
| 4.1.1 The Case between Somalia and Kenyan |
| 4.1.2 The Case between Ghana and Ivory Coast |
| 4.1.3 The Case between Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Angola |
| 4.1.4 The Case between Gabon and Equatorial Guinea |
| 4.2 African States' Tactics of Apprehending Maritime Resources on Disputes Zones |
| 4.3 Joint Development Agreement: Legal Approach towards the Resolution of Current AfricanMaritime Boundary Delimitation Disputes |
| 4.3.1 Influential Factors for a Successful and Practical Joint Development Agreement |
| 4.3.2 Relevance of some Influential Factors for the Application of JDA to Current AfricanMaritime Boundary Delimitation Disputes |
| 4.4 Necessity of Application Joint Development as Legal Approach to Resolve Current AfricanMaritime Boundary Delimitation Disputes |
| GENERAL CONCLUSION |
| Understandings |
| Suggestions |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY |
| BOOKS |
| ARTICLES and PAPERS |
| CASES |
| AGREEMENTS |
| APPENDIX |
| 1 African States Maritime Claims |
| 2 Diagrams showing African States' Dominance in the Ratification of UNCLOS |
| 2.1 Repartition in Percentage of the 166 States Parties to UNCLOS |
| 2.2 Dominance of African States Parties to UNCLOS through 52/54 African States |
| 3 African States Maritime Boundary Agreement with focus on Existing JDAs |
| PUBLICATIONS |
（7）加纳传统产业创新分析框架设计与应用 ——基于餐饮服务业的研究（论文提纲范文）
| ABSTRACT |
| 摘要 |
| LIST OF ACRONYMS |
| INTRODUCTION |
| Ⅰ.Background,Problem and Significance of the Research |
| (i)Background of the Study |
| (ii)Problem Statement |
| (iii)Research Gaps |
| 1.Theory Gap |
| 2.Practical Gap |
| (iv)Aim and Significance of the Research |
| Ⅱ.Objectives and Questions of the Research |
| (i)Research Objectives |
| (ii)Specific Objectives |
| (iii)Research Questions |
| Ⅲ.Research Organization and Roadmap |
| (i)Research Organization |
| (ii)Research Roadmap |
| CHAPTER ONE INNOVATION,TRADITIONAL AND THE FOOD INDUSTRIES |
| 1.1 Innovation |
| 1.1.1 Foundation of Innovations |
| 1.1.1.1 Marx's Technological Change Concept |
| 1.1.1.2 Ogburn and Gilfillian–Invention in Sociology |
| 1.1.1.3 Schumpeter–First Steps to Conceptualized Innovation |
| 1.1.2 Models of Innovation |
| 1.1.2.1 The Linear Model of Innovation |
| 1.1.2.2 Maclaurin–Linear Model |
| 1.1.3 Modern Approaches to Innovation |
| 1.1.4 Types of Innovation |
| 1.1.5 Determinants of Innovation |
| 1.1.5.1 Explorative and Exploitative Factors of Innovation |
| 1.1.5.2 Push-and-Pull Factors for Innovation |
| 1.1.6 Dimensions of Behavioral Additionality to the Modern Approaches to Innovation |
| 1.1.7 Criticism of Modern Approaches to Innovation |
| 1.1.8 Outcomes of Innovation |
| 1.1.9 SMEs and Innovation |
| 1.1.10 Social Innovation |
| 1.1.11 Innovation Systems and the Role of the Institutional Environment |
| 1.1.12 Innovation in Developed Versus Developing Countries |
| 1.1.13 Innovation in Developing Economies |
| 1.1.13.1 Overview of Innovation in Developing Countries |
| 1.1.13.2 Issues and Challenges of Innovation in Developing Countries |
| 1.1.13.3 Innovation Improvement in Developing Countries |
| 1.2 Traditional Industry |
| 1.2.1 Industry and Industrial Organizations |
| 1.2.2 Background,Definition and Introduction to the Traditional industry |
| 1.2.3 History of the Traditional Industry |
| 1.2.4 Composition of the Traditional Industry |
| 1.2.5 Characteristics of the Traditional Industry in Developing Countries |
| 1.2.6 Characteristics of the Traditional Industry in Developed Economies |
| 1.2.7 Traditional Versus Advanced Industries |
| 1.2.8 Impact of Modern Trends on the Traditional Industry |
| 1.2.9 New Paradigm on the Service Industry |
| 1.2.10 Transition from Traditional Food Service to Advanced Food Service |
| 1.2.11 Innovative Practices in Traditional Industries |
| 1.2.12 Growing Focus on Non-technological Innovations |
| 1.3 The Food and Foodservice Industries |
| 1.3.1 Industry Definition and Description |
| 1.3.2 Formation of the Food Industry |
| 1.3.2.1 Agriculture and Agronomy |
| 1.3.2.2 Food Processing and Packaged Meat in a Supermarket |
| 1.3.2.3 Food Law |
| 1.3.2.4 Wholesale and Distribution |
| 1.3.2.5 Retail |
| 1.3.2.6 Food Industry Technologies |
| 1.2.2.7 Food and Agricultural Marketing |
| 1.3.2.8 Labor and Education |
| 1.3.3 The Food Industry Overview and Classification |
| 1.3.3.1 Overview |
| 1.3.3.2 Handling and Storage |
| 1.3.3.3 Extraction |
| 1.3.3.4 Production Processes |
| 1.3.3.5 Preservation Processes |
| 1.3.3.6 Packaging |
| 1.3.3.7 Classification of the Food Industry |
| 1.3.3.8 The Food Industry Value Chain |
| 1.3.3.9 Innovation in the Food Industry |
| 1.3.3.10 Factors that Determine Innovation in the Food Industry |
| 1.3.3.11 Research Trends in the Food Industry |
| 1.3.4 The Foodservice Industry |
| 1.3.4.1 The Propagation of Restaurants:Benefits and Disadvantages |
| 1.3.4.2 Description and Contribution of the Foodservice Industry |
| Chapter Summary |
| CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW |
| 2.1 Introduction and Underpinning Theories |
| 2.2 Political Economic Theory |
| 2.3 Competitive Advantage Theory |
| 2.3.1 Technology and Innovation for Competitive Advantage |
| 2.3.2 Human Resources for Competitive Advantage |
| 2.3.3 Organizational Structure for Competitive Advantage |
| 2.4 New Growth Theories |
| 2.5 Stage Theory |
| 2.6 Resource-Based View(RBV) |
| 2.7 Evolutionary Economics |
| Chapter Summary |
| CHAPTER THREE LOCAL SITUATION |
| 3.1 An Overview of the Economy of Ghana |
| 3.2 The Food Industry in Ghana |
| 3.3 Characteristics of the Food Industry in Ghana |
| 3.4 Food Quality and Innovation in Ghana |
| 3.5 Assessment of Innovation in Ghana |
| 3.6 The Role of the Food and Drugs Authority(FDA) |
| 3.7 Challenges of the Foodservice Industry in Ghana |
| 3.8 Foodservice Industry SWOT Analysis |
| Chapter Summary |
| CHAPTER FOUR CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT |
| 4.1 Micro Factors and Innovation |
| 4.1.1 Relationship between Consumer Factors and Innovation Receptivity |
| 4.1.2 The mediating role of consumer factors and innovation receptivity and innovation |
| 4.2 Macro Factors and Innovation |
| 4.2.1 Relationship among Foreign Direct Investment,Policy and Innovation |
| 4.2.2 Relationship among Foreign Direct Investment,Policy,national quality drive and innovation |
| 4.2.3 Relationship among Individual Income,Food Prices and Innovation |
| 4.3 Conceptual Model |
| Chapter Summary |
| CHAPTER FIVE METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION |
| 5.1 Research Design |
| 5.1.1 Research Paradigm and Philosophical Approach |
| 5.1.2 Research Approach and Strategy |
| 5.1.3 Research Methods and Time Frame |
| 5.2 Primary Data Collection |
| 5.2.1 Preliminary Investigation Questionnaire Survey |
| 5.2.2 Questionnaire Design and Administration |
| 5.2.3 Sample and Procedures |
| 5.2.4 Sample size |
| 5.2.5 Sample area |
| 5.2.6 Questionnaire Distribution and Responses |
| 5.3 Longitudinal Data Collection |
| 5.4 Interview Data Collection |
| 5.5 Data Analysis Procedures |
| 5.5.1 The Regression Model |
| 5.5.1.1 Model Identification |
| 5.5.1.2 Model Estimation |
| 5.5.1.3 Model Testing |
| 5.5.1.4 Model Modification |
| 5.5.2 Reflective and Formative Construct Measurement |
| 5.5.3 Factor Analyses |
| 5.5.3.1 Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA) |
| 5.5.3.2 Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA) |
| 5.6 Ethical Position |
| Chapter Summary |
| CHAPTER SIX DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION |
| 6.1 Analysis of Micro Factors |
| 6.1.1 Descriptive Analysis |
| 6.1.2 Model Development and Specification |
| 6.1.3 Reliability Test |
| 6.1.4 Measures |
| 6.1.5 Correlation Analysis |
| 6.1.6 Test of Multicolinearity |
| 6.1.7 Regression Analysis and Hypothesis Testing |
| 6.1.8 Mediation Analysis |
| 6.2 Discussion of Micro Results |
| 6.2.1 Justification of Model Constructs |
| 6.2.2 Determinants of Innovation in the foodservice industry in Ghana |
| 6.2.3 Effect of the determinants on innovation in the food industry in Ghana |
| 6.2.4 The Role of the Mediation of Micro Factors on Innovation in the Food Industry in Ghana |
| 6.3 Analysis of Macro Factors |
| 6.3.1 Model Development and Specification |
| 6.3.2 Confirmatory Factor Analysis |
| 6.3.3 Test of Multicolinearity |
| 6.3.4 Univariate Analysis |
| 6.3.5 Mediation Analysis |
| 6.4 Discussion of Macro Results |
| 6.4.1 Justification of Model |
| 6.4.2 Determinants of Innovation in the foodservice industry in Ghana |
| 6.4.3 Effect of the determinants on innovation in the food industry in Ghana |
| 6.4.4 The Role of mediating factors in the food industry in Ghana |
| 6.5 Analysis and Discussion of Interview Data |
| 6.5.1 Overview of the Foodservice in Ghana |
| 6.5.2 The Role of Human Resource Capacity in the Foodservice Industry in Ghana. |
| 6.5.3 Challenges Confronting the Foodservice Industry in Ghana |
| 6.5.4 The Path to Innovation in the Foodservice Industry in Ghana |
| 6.5.5 Suggestions for Improvement in the Foodservice Industry in Ghana |
| 6.5.6 Additional Comments |
| CHAPTER SEVEN CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS |
| 7.1 Conclusion |
| 7.2 Research Contributions and Implications |
| 7.2.1 Theoretical Contributions and Recommendations |
| 7.2.2 Managerial Contributions and Recommendations |
| 7.3 Innovative Points |
| 7.4 Research Limitations |
| 7.5 Future Research Direction |
| REFERENCES |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT |
| APPENDICES |
| APPENDIX Ⅰ |
| APPENDIX Ⅱ |
| APPENDIX Ⅲ |
| APPENDIX Ⅳ |
| PUBLICATIONS AND RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS |
（8）南（中国）海水下文化遗产保护法律体制（论文提纲范文）
| THESIS ABSTRACT |
| 内容摘要 |
| ABBREVIATIONS |
| CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION |
| 1.1 The Purposes of the Study |
| 1.2 Research Hypothesis and Research Questions |
| 1.3 Scope of the Study |
| 1.4 Research Methodologies |
| 1.5 Original Contributions |
| 1.6 The Structure of the Thesis |
| CHAPTER 2 UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE (UCH)IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA (SCS) |
| 2.1 Introduction to the South China Sea |
| 2.1.1 Definition of the SCS |
| 2.1.2 The Disputes in the SCS |
| 2.1.3 Approaches to solving the disputes in the SCS |
| 2.2 Major Underwater Archaeological Events in the SCS |
| 2.3 Significances and Threats of UCH in the SCS |
| 2.3.1 Significances of the UCH in the SCS |
| 2.3.2 Threats to the UCH in the SCS |
| 2.4 Efforts to protect UCH in the SCS |
| 2.4.1 Association of Southeast Asian Nations |
| 2.4.2 United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization |
| 2.4.3 The International Council of Museums |
| 2.4.4 The International Council on Monuments andSites |
| 2.4.5 The Southeast Asian Ministers of EducationOrganization |
| 2.5 Conclusions |
| CHAPTER 3 APPLICABLE PRINCIPLES AND LAWSCONCERNING UCH PROTECTION IN THE SCS |
| 3.1 Applicable International laws concerning UCHProtection in the SCS |
| 3.1.1 Legal Regime of Maritime Zones |
| 3.1.2 Legal Framework for UCH protection under theUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea |
| 3.1.3 The Legal Framework for UCH protection under the2001 UNESCO Convention |
| 3.2 The SCS Littoral States' Domestic Laws |
| 3.2.1 Brunei |
| 3.2.2 Cambodia |
| 3.2.3 China |
| 3.2.4 Indonesia |
| 3.2.5 Malaysia |
| 3.2.6 The Philippines |
| 3.2.7 Singapore |
| 3.2.8 Thailand |
| 3.2.9 Vietnam |
| 3.2.10 Inconsistency of the SCS littoral States' DomesticLaws |
| 3.3 Conclusions |
| CHAPTER 4 SOME PRECEDENTED STATES PRACTICESON UCH PROTECTION |
| 4.1 The Mediterranean Sea |
| 4.1.1 Introduction to the Mediterranean Sea |
| 4.1.2 Situation of UCH in the Mediterranean Sea |
| 4.1.3 UCH protection in the Mediterranean Sea |
| 4.2 The Baltic Sea |
| 4.2.1 Introduction to the Baltic Sea |
| 4.2.2 Situation of UCH in the Baltic Sea |
| 4.2.3 UCH Protection in the Baltic Sea |
| 4.3 The Caribbean Sea |
| 4.3.1 Introduction to the Caribbean Sea |
| 4.3.2 Applicable International Laws on UCH Protectionin the Caribbean Sea |
| 4.3.3 Efforts to protect UCH in the Caribbean Sea |
| 4.4 The Council of Europe |
| 4.4.1 The European Cultural Convention 1954 |
| 4.4.2 The European Convention on the Protectionof the Archaeological Heritage 1969 |
| 4.4.3 The Convention for the Protection of theArchitectural Heritage of Europe 1985 |
| 4.4.4 The European Convention on Offences relating toCultural Property 1985 |
| 4.4.5 The Draft European Convention 1985 |
| 4.4.6 The European Convention on the Protection of theArchaeological Heritage 1992 |
| 4.4.7 The Council of Europe Framework ConventionOn the Value of the Cultural Heritage for Society2005 |
| 4.5 Selected international instruments relating to UCHProtection |
| 4.5.1 HMS Spartan Agreement 1952 |
| 4.5.2 Old Dutch Shipwrecks agreement 1972 |
| 4.5.3 The Torres Strait Treaty 1978 |
| 4.5.4 HMS Birkenhead Agreement 1989 |
| 4.5.5 CSS Alabama Agreement 1989 |
| 4.5.6 M/S Estonia Agreement 1995 |
| 4.5.7 Memorandum of Understanding of the ShipwrecksHMS Erebus and HMS Terror 1997 |
| 4.5.8 Le Belle Agreement 2003 |
| 4.5.9 Titanic Agreement 2004 |
| 4.6 Conclusions |
| CHAPTER 5 APPROACHES TO IMPROVE LEGALFRAMEWORK FOR UCH PROTECTION IN THE SCS |
| 5.1 Applying the 2001 UNESCO Convention |
| 5.1.1 Ways to apply the 2001 UNESCO Convention |
| 5.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of becoming StatesParties to the 2001 UNESCO Convention |
| 5.1.3 Inconsistency between the 2001 UNESCOConvention and SCS Littoral States'domestic Laws |
| 5.2 Concluding a Regional Agreement on UCH Protectionin the SCS |
| 5.2.1 Approaches of Concluding the Agreement |
| 5.2.2 Leading Role of Concluding the Agreement |
| 5.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Concluding theAgreement |
| 5.2.4 Analysis of Some Provisions to be contained inthe Agreement |
| 5.3 Conclusions |
| CHAPTER 6CONCLUSIONS |
| 6.1 Answers to Research Questions |
| 6.1.1 What is the current situation of UCHin the SCS? |
| 6.1.2 What are applicable laws to protect UCH inthe SCS? |
| 6.1.3 How to apply the 2001 UNESCO Conventionto improve the Legal Framework for the UCHprotection in the SCS? |
| 6.1.4 How to conclude a Regional Agreement? |
| 6.2 Some Observations on the Improving LegalFramework for UCH protection in the SCS |
| 6.2.1 Obstructions to conclude the agreement |
| 6.2.2 Some Assisting Factors to success of concludinga Regional Agreement |
| 6.3 Epilogue |
| Bibliography |
| ANNEXES 1. ASEAN Declaration on Cultural Heritage 2000 |
| ANNEX 2. Sirucasa Declaration on the Submarine Cultural Heritageof the Mediterranean Sea 2001 |
| ANNEX 3. The 2008 Code of Good Practice for the Management of theUnderwater Cultural Heritage in the Baltic Region |
| ANNEX 4. Vientiane Declaration on Reinforcing Cultural HeritageCooperation in ASEAN 2016 |
| Acknowledgements |
（9）Understanding Kenyan Agency in the Acquisition and Utilization of Chinese Development Finance in the Transport Infrastructure,2003-2017（论文提纲范文）
| ACKNOWIEDGEMENT |
| ABSTRACT |
| LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS |
| Chapter One: Research Introduction and Methodology |
| 1.1 Knowledge Gap |
| 1.2 Research Puzzle, Research Question and Objectives of the Study |
| 1.3 Definitions of Key Concepts |
| 1.4 Rationale of the Study |
| 1.5 Methodology |
| 1.5.1 Research Philosophy |
| 1.5.2 Research Approach and Design |
| 1.5.3 Scope, Focus and Case Selection Criteria |
| 1.5.4 Initial Conditions ("Independent Variables") and Outcomes ("DependentVariables") |
| 1.5.5 Data Sources and Collection Methods |
| 1.5.6 Sampling Frame and Techniques |
| 1.5.7 Interviewing Elites |
| 1.5.8 Data Preparation and Interview Transcription |
| 1.5.9 Data Analysis |
| 1.5.10 Data Reliability and Validity |
| 1.5.11 Ethical Considerations |
| 1.5.12 Limitation of the Study |
| 1.6 Organization of the Study |
| Chapter Two: Chinese Development Finance, African Agency and International PolicyTransfer |
| 2.1 Introduction |
| 2.2 Motivations behind Chinese Development Finance in Africa |
| 2.2.1 China's Motivations for Providing Development Finance in Africa |
| 2.2.2 Africa's Motivations Behind Chinese Development Finance |
| 2.3 Unpacking Chinese Development Finance |
| 2.3.1 Conceptual Challenges |
| 2.3.2 Analytical Challenges |
| 2.3.3 Theoretical Challenges |
| 2.4 Revisiting Debates on African Agency in International Politics |
| 2.5 Towards a Conceptualization of African Agency within China-Africa Relations |
| 2.5.1 Whose African Agency within China-Africa Relations? |
| 2.6 Discourses on International Policy Lessons and Experience |
| 2.7 Conceptual Framework |
| 2.7.1 Emulating the China "Model" in Africa |
| 2.7.2 Implementing the China"Model" and African Strategies |
| 2.8 Conclusion |
| Chapter Three: Kenya and International Policy Transfer, 1963 to 2002: Basis forKenyan Agency |
| 3.1 Introduction |
| 3.2 The Era of Rapid Economic Growth Policies (1963-1972) |
| 3.3 The Era of Anti-Poverty Policies (1973-82) |
| 3.4 The Era of Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs),1982-1995 |
| 3.5 The Post-Conditionality Era |
| 3.5.1 Enter Poverty Reduction Strategies |
| 3.5.2 Towards Emulation of the China "Model" |
| 3.6 Conclusion |
| Chapter Four: Motivations Behind Kenya's Preference for Chinese DevelopmentFinance |
| 4.1 Introduction |
| 4.2 Contextualizing Kenya's Infrastructure Agenda vis-a-vis Interests of DevelopmentPartners (Including China) |
| 4.3 Theorizing Kenya's Preference for Chinese Development Finance |
| 4.3.1 "Non-Interference" and "No-Strings Attached":Necessary but not SufficientConditions |
| 4.3.2 Quest for Diversifying Kenya's Sources of Foreign Capital |
| 4.3.3 Mutual Conception of Developmental Visions |
| 4.3.4 "Few" Bureaucratic Procedures in Acquiring Chinese Development Finance |
| 4.4 Conclusion |
| Chapter Five:"Agency In Tight Corners?", Part Ⅰ:Kenyan Planners Meet China's AfricaInfrastructure Discourse |
| 5.1 Introduction |
| 5.2 Kenya-China Policy Setting Context |
| 5.3 Policy Setting in the Road Sub-Sector Vis-a-Vis China's Africa Infrastructure Agenda(2003-2007) |
| 5.4 Policy Setting in the Railway Sub-Sector Vis-a-Vis China's Africa Infrastructure Agenda(2008-2017) |
| 5.5 "Still Agency in Tight Corners" at Policy Setting? |
| 5.6 Conclusion |
| Chapter Six:"Agency In Tight Corners?", Part Ⅱ:When Kenyan Loan Negotiators MeetChina's Exim Bank |
| 6.1 Introduction |
| 6.2 China's Exim Bank in Kenyan Context |
| 6.3 Measuring (Un)favourable Financial Outcomes in the Kenyan Case |
| 6.4 Case Ⅰ: The Nairobi Southern Bypass |
| 6.5 Case Ⅱ: The Standard Gauge Railway (Phase One) |
| 6.6 Explaining "(Un)favourable" Finance Outcomes |
| 6.6.1 Perception of (Im)balance of Trade Patterns |
| 6.6.2 China's Appetite for Oil and Mineral Discoveries in Kenya |
| 6.6.3 Kenya's Level of Aid Dependence |
| 6.6.4 Kenya's Levels of Indebtedness |
| 6.6.5 China's Perceptions of Ruling Elite and Kenya's Geo-Strategic Importance |
| 6.7 Conclusion |
| Chapter Seven:"Agency in Tight Corners?" Part Ⅲ: When Kenyan Implementers MeetChina Road and Bridge Corporation |
| 7.1 Introduction |
| 7.2 China Road and Bridge Corporation in Kenyan Context |
| 7.3 Kenyan Implementing Authorities |
| 7.4 Measuring the Inclusion of Local Content |
| 7.5 Inclusion of Local Materials and Equipment? |
| 7.6 Inclusion of Local Labour and Technology Transfer? |
| 7.6.1 Kenyan Workers versus Chinese Workers |
| 7.6.2 Technology Transfer |
| 7.7 Barriers to Inclusion of Local Content |
| 7.7.1 Vested Interests and Lack of Political Will |
| 7.7.2 Loss of Institutional Memory |
| 7.7.3 Chinese Companies Procurement Practices in Kenya |
| 7.7.4 Chinese Labour Practices in Kenya |
| 7.8 Conclusion |
| Chapter Eight:Conclusions, Policy Implications, Recommendations and Directions forFuture Research |
| 8.1 Introduction |
| 8.2 Research Questions and Findings |
| 8.3 Major Issues Arising from Empirical Findings |
| 8.4 Policy Implications and Recommendations |
| 8.5 Directions for Future Research |
| Appendices |
| References |
| 学位论文评阅及答辩情况表 |
（10）都市农业与中国小城镇规划研究（论文提纲范文）
| 摘要 |
| ABSTRACT |
| Directory |
| Chapter 1 Introduction |
| 1.1 Background |
| 1.1.1 Population growth and land scarcity |
| 1.1.2 Food problem |
| 1.1.3 Urban agriculture：New way of providing cities |
| 1.2 Significance of the research |
| 1.3 Literature Review |
| 1.3.1 Foreign research |
| 1.3.2 Domestic research |
| 1.4 Definition of urban agriculture and the object of the study |
| 1.4.1 The concept of urban agriculture |
| 1.4.2 The concept of small towns |
| 1.5 Problems and Innovation |
| 1.5.1 The problems of the research |
| 1.5.2 Innovation |
| 1.6 The frame and procedure |
| Chapter 2 Theory and practice of urban agriculture |
| 2.1 The theoretical basis for the development of urban agriculture |
| 2.1.1 The Thunen sphere theory |
| 2.1.2 Food Urbanism |
| 2.1.3 CPULs（Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes） |
| 2.1.4 FSPUD (Food-sensitive planning and urban design) |
| 2.2 The practice of urban agriculture |
| 2.2.1 The United States |
| 2.2.2 Europe |
| 2.2.3 Asia |
| 2.2.4 China |
| 2.2.5 The development mode of urban agriculture |
| 2.2.6 Comparison of the development of urban agriculture in various countries |
| 2.3 Characteristics of urban agriculture |
| 2.3.1 Space layout |
| 2.3.2 Multifunction |
| 2.3.3 High degree of industrialization and marketization |
| 2.3.4 Intelligent and information technology |
| 2.3.5 Sustainability |
| 2.4 Types of urban agriculture |
| 2.4.1 Integrating the urban land to develop the urban agriculture |
| 2.4.2 Integrating the building space to develop the urban agriculture |
| Chapter 3 The development of urban agriculture in small towns |
| 3.1 The development of urban agriculture in small towns |
| 3.1.1 The development status and problems of urban agriculture in small towns |
| 3.1.2 The great significance of urban agriculture in the development of small towns |
| 3.2 SWOTAnalysis |
| 3.2.1 The concept of SWOTAnalysis |
| 3.2.2 The analysis procedure of SWOTAnalysis |
| 3.2.3 The application of SWOT analysis in urban agricultural planning practices |
| 3.2.4 The significance of SWOT analysis in urban agriculture planning practices |
| 3.3 Using SWOT method to analyze the development of urban agriculture in small towns |
| 3.3.1 Strength |
| 3.3.2 Weakness |
| 3.3.3 Opportunity |
| 3.3.4 Threats |
| 3.4 The proposal of the planning and development of urban agriculture in small towns |
| Chapter 4 Establishment of the evaluation system about urban agriculture of small towns |
| 4.1 The reasons of the establishment of evaluation system |
| 4.2 Construction principles of evaluation indicators for developing urban agriculture of small towns |
| 4.2.1 Integrity and hierarchy |
| 4.2.2 Comprehensive and representative |
| 4.2.3 Scientific and Operability |
| 4.2.4 Comparability and identity |
| 4.3 Construction method of evaluation indicators for developing urban agriculture of small towns |
| 4.3.1 The survey of the experts |
| 4.3.2 Replacement Cost Method |
| 4.3.3 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) |
| 4.4 Establishment of the evaluation system of urban agriculture of small towns |
| 4.4.1 Reference of the relevant evaluation indices in the development of urban agriculture |
| 4.4.2 Reference of the comprehensive evaluation indices in the sustainable development of urban |
| 4.4.3 Screening of the comprehensive evaluation indices in the development of urban agriculture of urban agriculture |
| 4.4.4 The determination of the comprehensive evaluation indices and the implication of each index |
| 4.4.5 Establishment of the evaluation model of the urban agricultural development in small towns |
| 4.5 Building the land-use model of optimal allocation to develop urban agriculture in small towns |
| 4.5.1 The purpose of building the land-use model of optimal allocation |
| 4.5.2 The method of building the land-use model of optimal allocation |
| 4.5.3 The evaluation index of rational land allocation to develop urban agriculture of small towns |
| 4.5.4 Case study-Take Delft, the Netherlands for example |
| Chapter 5 Case Study-Take small towns around Beijing for example |
| 5.1 Introduction the development of urban agriculture in Beizhuang town, Beishicao town and Shenjiaying town |
| 5.1.1 Beizhuang town |
| 5.1.2 Beishicao town |
| 5.1.3 Shenjiaying town |
| 5.1.4 Comparative analysis of Beizhuang town, Beishicao town, Shenjiaying town |
| 5.2 Using SWOT to analyze the three small towns around Beijing |
| 5.2.1 Strength |
| 5.2.2 Weakness |
| 5.2.3 Opportunity |
| 5.2.4 Threats |
| 5.3 Development strategy of the small towns of urban agriculture around Beijing |
| 5.3.1 Function and orientation |
| 5.3.2 Basic principles |
| 5.3.3 Type selection |
| 5.3.4 Countermeasure and suggestion |
| Chapter 6 Planning proposal of urban agriculture in small towns of China |
| 6.1 The urban agricultural planning formulation in small towns |
| 6.1.1 The reason of urban agricultural planning formulation |
| 6.1.2 The foundation of urban agricultural planning formulation |
| 6.1.3 The principles of urban agricultural planning formulation |
| 6.1.4 Planning procedures of urban agriculture |
| 6.2 The contents of urban agricultural planning establishment |
| 6.2.1 Determine the planning model of urban agriculture in small towns |
| 6.2.2 The land of urban agriculture should be classified into the construction land of urban planning |
| 6.2.3 Developing the relevant technical indicators |
| 6.2.4 Making the rules of rewards and punishments |
| 6.3 To developed the diversified planning mechanism |
| 6.4 The development directions of urban agricultural planning of small towns |
| 6.4.1 Self-adjustment and balance |
| 6.4.2 The protection of natural ecosystem |
| 6.4.3 The use of eco-energy |
| 6.4.4 The strengthen of the various facilities construction |
| 6.4.5 Improving the overall social environment |
| 6.4.6 Respecting the geographical and cultural characteristics |
| Chapter 7 Summary and Prospect |
| 7.1 Summary |
| 7.2 Prospect |
| Appendix: The weight of the primary indicators about the urban agricultural development of small towns from expert evaluation |
| Reference |
| Presswork and Research |
| Acknowledgement |
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