一、Xinjiang Opens Its Door to the World——An interview with Wang Lequan,Vice-Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region（论文文献综述）
Rosa Yolanda Coaricona Mendoza[1]（2020）在《The "Belt and Road Initiative & the Bioceanic Train Corridor" Project in South America:Advantage and Challenges as Natural Extension》文中提出
欧阳云霞[2]（2019）在《中华学术外译项目《<玛纳斯>演唱大师居素普·玛玛依评传》汉英翻译实践报告》文中研究指明中华学术外译项目是国家社科基金的一个类别,旨在向世界介绍我国学者的学术成果,提升我国的文化软实力。该项目设立以来,已经有数十种中文学术着作以外文形式走出国门。本实践报告基于作者参与的中华学术外译项目《<玛纳斯>演唱大师居素普·玛玛依评传》。该评传对我国最着名的《玛纳斯》史诗演唱歌手的生平及其对史诗传承做出的巨大贡献进行了全面系统的评述,其英译旨在让世界了解这位杰出的演唱艺人,进而将流传在我国的《玛纳斯》史诗推向世界。本次翻译实践的主要困难涉及词汇和句子层面,具体包括三类:（1）文化信息缺失;（2）误译;（3）句子翻译不恰当。根据现有的传记翻译研究文献,学者们认为传记文本兼具表情功能和信息功能。评传具有传记的基本特征,但同时具有更为浓厚的学术性质,因而其文本功能以信息型为主。彼得·纽马克主张信息型文本应当采用交际翻译。鉴于此,作者在解决上述翻译困难时主要采用了加注、意译、主语转换、拆译的具体翻译方法,力求传达原文的完整信息,同时尽可能使译文符合译入语读者的阅读和认知习惯,从而达到交际目的。希望本报告能为今后翻译评传的译者提供一定的启发和借鉴。
依迪[3]（2019）在《陕西省政府网站文化新闻汉译英实践报告》文中提出陕西省政府网站不仅是传播陕西动态新闻的重要媒介,更是传播陕西当地文化的理想平台。陕西省政府网站文化新闻的英译旨在进一步展示陕西文化建设的进展及成果,加强对外文化交流与合作。因此,做好陕西省政府网站文化新闻的翻译对陕西对外交流意义重大。本实践报告基于作者对陕西省政府网站文化新闻翻译的实践,通过对翻译过程中的难点问题进行分析总结,主要涉及专有名词翻译、文化负载词翻译和冗余的文化信息三个方面。具体包括:（1）专有名词的翻译出现文化缺省,如历史朝代、地名、活动名称以及古代官职的翻译未在译文中进行相应信息的补偿;（2）文化负载词的翻译未能传达出原文包含的文化信息,如译文中未对中国传统节日、中国传统民间艺术、道家观念以及网络新词进行阐释;（3）未整合删减译文中并列出现的含义相同的成语以及并列出现的含义相同的中文与诗句。根据关联翻译理论,译文的语境效果和关联性是翻译能否成功的两个决定性因素。语境效果可以将话语中的新信息与相应的语境结合,关联性旨在将源语作者的交际意图与译入语读者的期待相匹配。充分的语境效果可使译入语读者获得与译文的最佳关联性。本报告在深入分析上述翻译难点和问题的基础上,在关联翻译理论指导下,采用注释（分音译加注释、直译加注释、意译加注释三种）将暗含的文化信息传达给译入语读者,从而提供充分的语境效果;采用意译（包括释义法、增译法、减译法）将暗含的文化信息用译入语地道的表达传递给译入语读者,并将冗余的文化信息整合简化以实现译文与译入语读者间的最佳关联。期望本实践报告的初步研究结果能为有关政府网站文化新闻的翻译实践提供启示和借鉴。
聂秋雯[4]（2019）在《交际翻译理论视角下《中国—东盟博览》新闻汉译英实践报告》文中认为随着“一带一路”倡议的进一步推进,中国与沿线国家和地区在经济、政治、文化等各方面的交流合作风生水起。新闻作为一种重要的传播媒体能够让公众及时获取海内外最新资讯,在人们的生活中扮演着重要的角色。然而,由于中文是一门复杂的语言,大多数外国读者阅读中文新闻十分困难,因此新闻翻译具有现实意义。本实践报告选取《中国-东盟博览》新闻稿件为语料,在纽马克交际翻译理论的指导下,从词汇、句法和语篇三个层面来分析新闻汉译英过程中采用的翻译策略。基于案例分析,笔者得出如下结论:译者在翻译以译文读者为中心、以信息传递的效果为重点、以为读者传递信息为目的的文本时,采用纽马克的交际翻译理论能够进一步提高译文的质量,从而实现信息传递的目的。笔者希望通过这次翻译实践,进一步分析新闻翻译实践中词汇、句子和段落的处理,为广大新闻翻译学习者提供一些经验和参考,以期对该领域的研究做有益的补充。
祁静[5]（2019）在《商务报道四词词串的扩展意义单位研究 ——基于《中国日报》与《经济学人》的对比分析》文中研究表明词串是连接词汇和篇章的中介,其习得有利于语言意义单位的构建。商务报道有利于窥探社会主题与文化差异。然而,目前基于商务报道的词串分析较少,多以作者直觉、表面特征为主,没有足够的实证研究,缺乏对商务语域的深层次分析。因此,本文基于扩展意义单位模型与共选理论,通过自建语料库,立足于对比分析,采用频率及卡方分析等统计手段,探究商务报道中词串在频率分布、结构和功能特征上的异同,并阐述其对商务英语教学、商务英语词典编纂和商务英语教材编写的指导作用。本文基于Biber的词串分类框架,通过AntConc 3.4.4,对中国日报语料库（简称CDC）和经济学人语料库（简称TEC）中的四词词串进行检索、分类与分析。本文主要探究以下三个问题:1)CDC和TEC中四词词串的频率分布如何?2)CDC和TEC中四词词串的结构和功能特征如何?3)CDC和TEC中四词词串结构和功能特征有何异同?总体研究表明:1)CDC和TEC中的词串在频率分布、结构和功能特征上呈现出非对称性。首先,两者在频率分布和结构特征上存在显着性差异。CDC中词串数量较多,但其丰富性不如TEC。CDC和TEC在名词词串、介词词串和小句类词串的使用频率上具有显着性差异。其次,两者在语义倾向上具有部分相似性,但社会现实的迥异使得两者又表现出较大的异质性。最后,两者在功能上都更倾向于使用指示性和文本依存型词串,但使用频率存在显着性差异。CDC更多使用话语组织型和文本依存型词串,而TEC更多使用态度立场型和指示性词串。2)CDC和TEC中的词串具有多维性和复杂性。词串在词汇与词汇、词汇与语法、型式和功能上形成共选,组成连续统一体,构成一个动态复杂系统。本研究不仅在理论上拓展了扩展意义单位模型和共选理论在商务词串研究方面的应用,而且对未来商务英语教学、商务英语词典编纂和商务英语教材编写也极具指导意义。
Md.Safiqul Islam[6]（2019）在《The Building of BCIM Economic Corridor:Implications for China-Bangladesh Relations》文中提出本文探讨了建设中国和孟加拉国BCIM经济走廊的前景和挑战。孟中印缅经济走廊无疑将促进各国最大限度地确保其地缘经济、地缘战略和地缘政治优势,特别是中国和孟加拉国。但是,对这个经济走廊的研究仍处于探索阶段。从而,这一潜在领域的学术研究对中孟两国如何从孟中印缅经济走廊中获取利益具有重要意义。本文首先分析该走廊对中国和孟加拉国都具有战略和地缘政治意义的原因,然后考察了孟加拉国和中国如何通过利用其地缘战略地位建设孟中印缅经济走廊,从而确保经济优势,最后,本文探讨了中孟两国建设走廊的过程中在地缘战略方面所面临的障碍和挑战。因此,本研究对今后开展孟中印缅经济走廊建设以及中孟两国如何规避风险和挑战,如何从中获益具有重要理论和实践意义。为解决上述研究问题,本文采用了历史、访谈、实证、定性研究等多种方法。历史分析法重点关注中孟两国关系的演变及与其他孟中印缅经济走廊国家的关系。访谈、问卷调查、实证分析法探讨了中孟走廊建设的前景和挑战。通过对来自中孟两国熟知该走廊的30名专家、学者和实践者的访谈和问卷调查,探讨了他们对建设孟中印缅经济走廊的前景与挑战等问题的认知与看法。本文认为,通过克服这些挑战,中孟走廊的建设将有助于双方确保共同的经济和战略利益,中孟走廊将在孟加拉湾建立一个平衡的安全环境,孟加拉湾将成为国际贸易和经济活动的中心,能复兴孟加拉湾地区的古丝绸之路和贸易网络。本文共分为七个部分,除导言和结论部分外,第一章至第五章是论文的主体部分。导言部分主要介绍了本文的选题背景、缘由、研究目标、研究问题、研究方法。结论部分是对本文主要观点的概括,同时也指出了本研究的意义,以及孟中印缅经济走廊建设对发展中孟两国友好关系的启示。第一章对孟中双边关系、孟中印缅经济走廊建设的前期相关研究进行了文献综述,同时,概述了本文研究所运用的地缘战略、地缘政治、经济走廊和民族冲突等理论框架。在对这些理论进行分析的基础上,本研究提出了五个关于走廊经济优势的假设,中国和孟加拉国可以为两国提供安全,地缘战略和地缘政治意义,以及它们可能面临的地缘政治和安全挑战。第二章探讨了古代南方丝绸之路,BCIM论坛的性质和演变,以及中国的“一带一路”倡议。该研究发现,在公元前四世纪,古代南方丝绸之路之陆路有两条,一条从中国进入印度中部,另一条从孟加拉通过西藏和缅甸进入中国,其中有一个活跃的贸易网络,包括孟加拉、阿拉干王国、勃固、暹罗、缅甸和中国,这个贸易网络以孟加拉为中心。云南是一个内陆省份,但它通过陆路与孟加拉湾建立了历史联系。作为《昆明倡议》的次区域合作BCIM论坛于1999年8月成立,该论坛旨在促进孟加拉国、中国西南、印度东北和缅甸等次区域实现公路、铁路、水路和航空联通,促进人员和货物的跨国流动,最大限度地减少跨境贸易壁垒,确保更大的市场准入,加强贸易、旅游、投资和经济增长。2012年2月,四国官员批准了通过孟加拉国和缅甸开发从加尔各答到昆明的2800公里高速公路的初步计划。次年,来自四个国家的代表团进行了历史性的“BCIM汽车拉力赛”,涵盖拟议高速公路的路线,以了解四国之间基础设施的现状。中国国家主席习近平于2013年9月提出了欧亚连通性的新愿景,即“一带一路”倡议,孟加拉-中国-印度-缅甸经济走廊（BCIM-EC）是六个经济走廊之一。第三章是对中孟两国关系的历史分析。中国与孟加拉（孟加拉国和印度西孟加拉）在古代和中世纪都存在和谐的文化、经济、外交和政治关系,自古以来,中国学者和旅行者访问孟加拉国,孟加拉人民也常来中国求学、传教和贸易。丝绸起源于中国,而棉布最早产于南亚,尤其是孟加拉。中国和印度/孟加拉的丝绸和棉花生产知识分别通过丝绸之路相互传授。因此,从汉朝早期（公元前206年-公元前220年）到明朝（1368-1644年）,中国丝绸和孟加拉棉织品在孟加拉与中国的双边贸易中占主导地位。此外,中国的金、银、缎、蓝瓷、白瓷、铜、铁、麝香、朱砂、水银和草席也与孟加拉的珊瑚、珍珠、水晶、山茱萸和孔雀羽毛进行交换。此外,在七世纪中叶,唐朝和北印度孟加拉王国之间的政治和外交使团进行交流,这些使团包括佛教僧侣和外交使节,穆斯林统治时期的孟加拉和明朝的贸易、外交和政治关系达到了前所未有的高度。中国明朝皇帝实行对外开放、对外交流的政策。1408至1439年间,中国和孟加拉互派大使,特别是中国明朝航海家郑和率领庞大船队抵达孟加拉国吉大港,促进了两国的贸易。自1975年8月中孟建交以来,两国一直保持着良好关系,在各个领域建立了密切的合作。目前,中国已成为孟加拉国最大的贸易和发展伙伴,是孟加拉国军事硬件的主要来源之一,特别是通信、电力和能源、基础设施的重要援助者和投资者。此外,本章还重点介绍了中国、孟加拉国与印度和缅甸的相互关系,这一分析将有助于了解建设BCIM经济走廊的周边环境以及将面临的挑战。第四章探讨了中孟双方利用地缘战略地位建设走廊可以确保经济、地缘战略和地缘政治优势。孟中印缅经济走廊将有助于中国西南部和孟加拉国充分利用其廉价劳动力,扩大联通性,发展基础设施,降低两国的运输成本,增加投资,促进贸易,提升经济优势。通过在孟中印缅次区域建立工业园区,孟中印缅经济走廊能满足中国企业对外投资的需求。孟中印缅经济走廊实施后,孟加拉国产品可以通过吉大港、曼德勒-昆明高速公路经由陆地出口到中国西南部、以及包括柬埔寨、中国、老挝、缅甸、泰国和越南等湄公河次区域在内的广阔市场。鉴于中国西南部的地理位置,孟中印缅经济走廊的建设具有战略和地缘政治意义。中国西南部,尤其是云南省,将通过孟中印缅经济走廊与南亚、东南亚、孟加拉湾和缅甸与印度洋相连,这将有助于平衡中国在该地区的战略地位。值得注意的是,这条通道将帮助中国克服孟加拉湾地区的地缘战略脆弱性,以面对美国在孟加拉湾地区及其邻国可能采取的遏制政策。此外,中国还可以据此在孟加拉湾的交通航线上解决马六甲海峡带来的安全问题。同样,孟中印缅经济走廊可以促进孟加拉国利用地理战略位置,特别是位于孟加拉湾顶部的三个潜在海港,使孟加拉国成为区域中心。简言之,孟中印缅经济走廊将有助于克服孟加拉国海港区域化的地缘政治障碍,并为邻国带来便利;可以使孟加拉国成为南亚与东南亚、南亚和中国之间的门户。因此,孟中印缅经济走廊的建设将增加孟加拉的地缘战略价值,平衡孟加拉国的地缘政治地位,使其得以奉行独立的外交政策。此外,采访数据分析显示,90%的中国和孟加拉国受访者认为孟中印缅经济走廊对两国来说有经济优势,88%的受访者赞同其地缘战略优势,70%赞同地缘政治优势。第五章探讨了建设孟中印缅经济走廊的地缘政治和安全挑战。随着全球局势的急剧变化,尤其是美印两国与中国的地缘战略和地缘政治竞争,中国和孟加拉国在建设走廊及双边地缘战略意义方面都面临着地缘政治挑战。例如,印度东北部和缅甸的种族冲突以及孟加拉国和缅甸之间的罗辛亚问题可能对走廊的建设构成安全挑战。由于缅甸若开邦的罗辛亚危机,该走廊或许会成为孟缅两国友好关系的障碍。孟加拉国和缅甸之间必须建立一种积极合作关系,以便建设一条通过缅甸连接孟加拉国吉大港的走廊。此外,其他挑战还包括落后的基础设施、拥挤的道路交通,以及孟加拉国、印度东北部和缅甸的海港承运能力不足等。同样,访谈数据显示,69%的受访者认同其地缘政治和安全挑战。此外,受访者还补充说,印度的非合作是最大的问题,而其他挑战可能会带来安全威胁,但不能从根本上影响孟中印缅经济走廊的建设。因此,本文认为,通过克服这些挑战,中孟走廊的建设将有助于双方确保共同的经济和战略利益。
Sesegma Bazlhirova[7]（2018）在《Changes in the Russian Foreign Language Textbooks Used in Three Universities in Northeast China since 1949》文中认为This research focused on examining Russian as Foreign Language Textbooks（RFLTB）published in China since 1949 to uncover the changes that have happened to the status of Russian as a Foreign Language in various historical periods since 1949.The study explored the major differences throughout these historical periods regarding Russian Language Education in Chinese Universities and the factors that have contributed to these changes.This study aimed at the major changes in RFLTB in education of China since 1949 from social-cultural,political,economic,pedagogical prospectives,the factors that caused these changes and contributed to them,and what these changes mean regarding language learning,ideology,culture,and image of Russia.This study employed the qualitative interpretive research approach which involved the collection and inductive documentary analysis of the Russian as foreign language textbooks sourced from three Universities in northeast China.The research work also explored the pedagogy behind the text and connected them to the discourse analysis gotten from data on the interviews by searching for common themes based on the guiding research questions.As a qualitative descriptive study,it conducted interviews with writers/editors specializing in publishing RFLTB.Beside analysis of the chosen textbooks,the interview transcripts were also analyzed in detail for recurring themes based on the participants’ perceptions and understandings of editing,teaching and learning about Russia in RFLTB.Constructivism as a theory claims that knowledge about the social world is constructed.It is indicated that,reality is actively shaped by various factors,such as social,political,cultural,economic,ethnic,and gender values.Thus,the social world should be understood in a structural context,where shared ideologies coexist.This research identified that Russian as a foreign language textbook in China has been changed over time.The main reason for this change can be linked to the status of Russian language,ideology,country image,language and culture learning in China.During "The Cultural Revolution?,the Russian Language education and the status of RL education were reduced within politics,economy,culture and so forth.The details and information provided on certain events also have changed over time.Specifically,the details and information provided on the language and culture learning,ideology,country image and methods changed from one textbook to the next.These changes can occur for a variety of reasons.The changes in the type of information presented in regards to the language and culture learning,ideology,country image and methods caused by political,social-cultural,economic changes in China.For instance,as PRC became involved in the cold war after the end of WW 2,it was important for textbooks to encourage Chinese in Marxism and patriotism.The choice of what was included and left out of RFL textbooks encouraged student support for the government and political style of the USSR while discouraging the style of the enemy: fascists,the instigators of WW2.Using the four critical transitional stages in China’s modern history: 1)since 1949-1960th（The Golden Era of RFL）,2)During the Cultural Revolution（1966-1976）,period of stagnation,3)After the Cultural Revolution（1980-1989）,Time of Renewal and Stabilization and 4)From 1990 to Present Day（Rational development）to identify key points,topic sentences and summaries regarding the meanings of the language and culture learning,ideology,country image and methods,it is clear that the information have changed over time from the RFL textbook that was published in 1950 to the one published in 2015.The study presented the changes in Russian language textbooks in different Chinese political,economic,social and cultural contexts and found a tendency of the textbooks to move from collectivist ideologies,serving mainly the interests of the country in the 1950 s to individualist ideologies that concern the interests of the learners in the 2000 s.In addition,the learners for whom the textbooks were designed were being socialized into the identity of Chinese citizens（socialist patriots）in the 1950 s but global citizens in the 2000 s.On the basis of major findings from analyzed Russian language textbooks published in China,it is possible to conclude that the modern political and economic realities created in the conditions of strategic partnership between Russia and China have aroused prerequisites for growth of the positive attitude towards RFLTB in China on the basis of development in verbal,event and contextual spheres.Thus,it will broaden the sphere of its application and increase interest in it in China.Traditional RFT textbooks represent systematic material and are considered as qualitative.But their content is old,in these textbooks,great attention is paid to literature,the pragmatism is ignored and therefore the contents of texts are far from modern life and society.On common cultural subjects: society,policy,economy,history and the culture of Russia-knowledge is superficial.Teaching Russian as a foreign language has to an-swer development of society with the purpose to meet an era call,and content of teaching should have specifics of the present era.The functions of Russian language in China,in turn,shifted during this time from facilitating communication for scientific,business and travelling purposes,to enhancing cross-cultural understanding in the 21 st century.
白沙拉提（BABAK BESHARATI LOROUN）[8]（2018）在《伊朗与中国中小企业在制裁形势下的合作模式与策略研究》文中进行了进一步梳理近二十年以来,中国与伊朗已经建立了相当友好的两国关系,两国分别视对方为互惠互利的合作伙伴。尽管在美国及一些西方国家主导对伊朗进行制裁（与核相关,并以联合国的名义）,中国政府仍然视伊朗为合作伙伴,仍然保持与伊朗良好的政治与经济关系,两国中小企业间更是保持着良好的合作。如何进一步发挥两国中小企业的作用,促进伊朗与中国的经济与商业的发展,两国中小企业合作有何恰当的模式,因为在两国中小企业的合作中,常有不和谐之音,寻找解决之策略之道,构成了本文研究的最初动机。在制裁的背景下,本文选择Jean Paul David提出的Mercadex–Desjardins模型作为理论分析借鉴,运用该模型包括对国家间中小企业合作的三个水平的分析。分析包括代理制、合作制和控制层级三个层级,并进一步地可将各层合作模式继续细分,如商务交易型、合同型和结构合作型。同时该模型还可以从两个维度三个水平分析中小企业合作整合,排列出九个国际化合作的选项,可供中小企业参考。本文则将此模型有取舍地运用到了对伊朗与中国中小企业合作的分析之中。由于本研究是在世界政治经济背景以及伊朗中国两国合作的宏观背景下进行的,因此研究从政治、经济、法律、社会与技术等五大方面对两国的情况进行深入分析,即所谓的SLAPT分析。在政治分析方面,本文特别地分析了制裁背景下的银行支付问题,两国在特定时期开展的互补性合作,中小企业在银行支付高度困难的情况下,采取的特殊方法。在伊朗与中国中小企业调查问卷的基础上,本文应用定性与定量两种方法,对两国中小企业的合作模式问题进行了探索分析,综合地获得了以下研究结果:1.基于本文对伊朗中小企业的调研,本文采取定性分析与定量分析的手段,识别了伊朗与中国中小企业合作中的重要变量,这些变量影响到合作模型的发展与有关策略的采取。从统计分析的角度确定了以下重要的变量,它们对伊朗与中国的中小企业合作具有独立性的影响,即:政治与经济的形势、有意向合作的中小企业本身、顾客吸引策略、商业技术进步、支付手段改进、优化共同利益、两国政治的相互支持与两国经济的互补性,这些都对两国中小企业的合作模式的选择起着重要影响作用。2.本文进一步地,基于调研样本,将伊朗与中国中小企业合作中的七个变量进行了排序,它们的重要性程度依次是政治与经济形势、中小企业合作的意向性、技术的改进、优化的共同合作、政治与经济的互补性、支付手段、和顾客吸引策略。3.更进一步地本文的研究发现,在两国中小企业的合作中,解决下列重要的问题,将肯定有助于增加中伊两国之间的中小企业的合作性。这包括:发现合适与可靠的伙伴问题,商业融资与支付问题,商业合作伙伴之间意向信息的适当传递问题,降低业务的交易成本问题（通过减少中间商的环节）,以及保持一个良好的机制去降低缺乏合作伙伴之间的信任障碍问题。4.由于制裁而产生的银行支付问题,及随之而来的国际保险受益问题,运输问题,采购资源问题,中小企业合作伙伴之间的信任问题,增加的国际运输成本问题,全球经济危机问题,不曾想见的汇率波动问题,甚至还有商业法律的稳定性问题,等等,都成为了两国中小企业合作中的新问题。这些问题在制裁的上个十年中起影响,在当下仍然起着影响作用,相关于制裁而带来的商业合作问题非常复杂并具有挑战性!5.在关于Mercadex–Desjardinss模型的分析方面来说,本研究的历程已经走出了Marcadex-Desjardins模型的边界,从理论与实际相联系的角度,探讨了中小企业九个方面的合作细节问题,获得中伊两国中小企业合适的并可以接受的合作模式的发展顺序是:（1）在可接受的合同下的销售与购买,（2）设立代表处或授权代理,（3）与合作伙伴建立合资企业。基于研究有利于实用目的,有必要探讨本研究结论在制裁取消后双方中小企业的适应性。首先,当制裁取消后,在双方的银行、运输与保险领域限制的取消,双方合作的疑虑与不确定性将会大大减少,根据本文中发现的两国中小企业的特征,可以预测Marcadex-Desjardins模型的其它选项,也将可以应用。由于双方经济的互补性,和双方的合作量的增加,MD模型的另外两个选项将会有更多的应用。而本文获取的上述结论,则会在制裁取消后继续有效,因为这是最基本的合作模式,而更多地选择这一模式,正是因为制裁的因素。可以预见的是两国中小企业更愿意应用最高水平的合作模式,即两国之间的中小企业将会有更多的合资合作模式出现。在这种令人高兴的背景下,两国之间将会更多地出现合资企业、BOT和回购、OEM、金融合作更高级别开放、都将在制裁取消后出现繁荣,而在制裁期间这些方面的合作举步维艰!6.在对伊朗中小企业家和伊朗商会等多种渠道调研的基础上,本文还识别了在制裁进行中和制裁去除后,伊朗和中国的中小企业曾经、现在以及将来可能会面临的问题,也对这些问题的解决,提出了一些可行的六项策略。包括:投资金融、贸易、普通技术与高技术、服务业,以及中国的一带一路可能给两国中小企业的合作带来的机会。7.在中东地区存在着其它严重问题与危机,这些都会影响着中东的和平与繁荣,也和制裁以及制裁以后的局势相关联。美国新总统的当选,叙利亚危机,卡塔尔冲突,也门危机,ISIS问题,以色列与沙特等一些中东国家与伊朗的不和,都将会影响制裁中及制裁后的中东的政治与经济的形势。本文在研究中,择要地分析了其相关的影响,无意深究,只是为了表明与本文相关的研究问题有着中东问题的复杂性。很可能地,伊朗将面对许多的挑战与障碍,而在这期间,中国与伊朗两国中小企业的合作将会给两国商业与民众带来福音。8.本文还探讨了协议方立场变化的两种情况:（1）如果美国退出伊核协议,而其它国家维护协议,则按照Mercadex–Desjardins模型,可以预期中伊两国的中小企业可以采取模型中的高阶合作模式,即会发生整合与较深渗透的合作情况。更多的合同与结构化的合作方法将会产生,合作需要更多控制与指导。分销模式、批发模式、加盟模式、直销模式、OEM和BOT模式将会更多发生。（2）如果中国、欧洲、俄罗斯等其它协议相关国退出协议,或者伊朗退出协议,则非常糟糕的局面将会产生。这样,也根据Mercadex–Desjardins模型,则中国与伊朗的中小企业则会发生较低水平的合作,更多的将是交易模式,整合模式将会导向代表处模式。如:海外交易模式,类似国内贸易的分承包方式等合作将会发生。9.本文还特意在中欧中亚铁路开通方面可给两国中小企业合作带来何种机会,进行了深入了探索。两国都有较发达的铁路网（中国的铁路网水平更高）,文章分析了两国开通集装箱运输后,可以大大促进两国中小企业的合作,因为分装的集装箱沿着铁路系统可以深入两国的内地。另外,作为对企业管理特别是市场营销方面作一些深化的学术研究,本文对描绘中国伊朗海运与铁路运输在地理上的平衡线问题,进行了深入的研究。文章中深入搜集到了重要价格数据,并结合地理数据,运用量化分析的手段,得出了计算结果。最后依据中国政府对中欧与中亚铁路的有补贴和没有补贴两种情况,画出了便于中小企业采取货运方式选择的决策平衡线。在平衡线的东面地区,走海路更好,在平衡线的西部地区,走铁路线更好。当然,如果进一步考虑时间因素,将更会促进两国中小企业选择使用中亚（欧）铁路。这一研究也是在一带一路背景下的一个具体的研究尝试,可供有兴趣的学者进一步研究。10.基于在商业管理领域作一点理论性贡献的意向,本文在Mercadex–Desjardins模型的拓展方面有下列探索,即发往该模型的合作自变量仅是整合与渗透,而拓展后的模型,则拟应更多地加入一项,即政治形势,模型转化出现由:C m=F（I,P）到有新意的C m=F（I,P,PO）而本文的研究,则是这一拓展的有力佐证,特别是对易受影响的中小企业的合作来说。11.此外,本文还探索了如何运用研究中提出的三种商业模式有效促进“第一单”业务的问题,这是基于作者本人的长期的伊朗-中国商业研究的实践,也提出了一些有益的建议。总之,这是一份促进伊朗与中国中小企业合作的研究,是本人来到中国学习与商业实践后做的积极探索,希望其能够为促进伊朗与中国中小企业的合作,以及双方的经济发展有益。
Ranga Jayasuriya[9]（2018）在《An Uneven Contest:How Power Asymmetries Shape Sino-India Competition for Power and Influence in South Asia》文中研究说明中印两国的竞赛和争夺权力及影响力的竞争,就像两个新共和国的建立一样久远。然而,其中出现的权力不对称出现的相对较晚。这些力量的不对称重新塑造了当前两个崛起的对手之间的竞争（一种已经被大多数人预估到的崛起）。本研究分析了南亚地区中印竞争的新动态。本文研究的中心问题是:印度和中国之间不断演变的权力不对称如何影响了印度在南亚的权力和影响力的竞争?本研究通过权力的两种传统方法的组合分析探讨了在南亚地区中印竞争动态:第一种方法,国家权力方法的要素是以国内生产总值、武装力量、人口、土地规模等为衡量对象,第二种权力关系的方法将权力视为一种实际或潜在的因果关系。在许多与南亚地区相关的分析中,都普遍强调了国家权力的方法,然而,这掩盖了东道国的具体情况,在南亚地区,它在放大或减轻中国和印度的权力资源效力方面发挥了重要作用。相对权力设定了国家外部行为的广泛参数。中国相对于印度拥有更多的权力,可以有效实现更多的目标,相对来说印度在这方面不及中国,印度也不太容易实现其目标。中国和印度在南亚地区的经济实力分布与两国相对实力的不对称性有着广泛的关联。然而,仅靠能源资源的分配就只能说明问题的一面。权力资源的可替代性在领域和范围规范上都有所不同,并在领域和范围因素中受到其他无关的细节的严格限制。某些领域的条件可能有利于一个国家而不是另一个国家;他们也可以更加适应某一种特殊的权力,同时抵御另一种权力。同样,一个特定的权力在一个特定的环境中有用,很可能在另一个环境中成为一种负担。本研究认为,中国经济活动的扩张不仅得益于其相对强大的实力,而且其经济实力资源的功效也被南亚某些特定领域的特征所放大:南亚国家基础设施落后,而中国的贷款无疑可以解决燃眉之急。南亚各国领导人为寻求国家和个人的政治利益已经向中国伸出了援助之手,并最终将在该地区达成一项旨在促进经济增长国家间共识。相反,这项研究认为,印度拥有大量的历史、文化和民族联系,却很难改变其对外交政策的兴趣。问题在于印度的邻国政策和南亚迥然不同的领域背景,这些地区国家对印度的过度影响感到不满。最后,本研究分析了印度解决南亚问题的策略,并回应了中国在该地区的经济存在。纳伦德拉·莫迪（Narendra Modi）试图重新调整印度与南亚关系,以及与中国在南亚地区的微妙的软平衡,其中还涉及到日本和美国。
A.M.Chulanee Jayanthika Kumari Attanayake[10]（2017）在《China’s Statecraft in South Asia:From Resources to Power》文中提出作为曾经的传奇文明,中国正通过增强自身实力与政治影响力逐步重拾昔日辉煌。1949年新中国成立后,中国在较长一段时间内一直是一个落后国家。1978年改革开放以后,中国的经济急速增长,政治地位上升,中国也因此在国际领域获得广泛关注。在短短30年时间内,中国崛起为一个强大国家。在此之前,没有一个国家能像中国一样崛起速度如此之快,因此,中国的崛起在国际社会引起关注。分析人士、决策者、政治评论家以及媒体对中国崛起持不同看法。一些人认为,中国不同于过去那些通过霸权方式崛起的国家;另一些人则认为中国与此类国家无异,世界面临着相似的霸权冲突。由此看来,中国的行动与行为引起广泛关注和研究。政治分析人士和观察人士认为,中国一直在世界各个地区扩大势力范围。最重要的是,中国在过去十年中对其国际社会地位和与外界的关系更加自信。在世界的不同地区,中国实行着不同的方针政策。中国对非洲、中亚与东南亚的政策有所不同。然而,这其中也存在一个共性,即为了增强实力,中国一直利用其资源,并且将这些资源转化为在该地区的影响力工具。在此背景下,本文旨在分析中国在南亚的外交政策。值得注意的是,尽管中国与南亚五国共享边境,但是北京在喜马拉雅地区的互动行为,相比于毗邻的其他中亚和东南亚国家来说却是最少的。然而,新世纪伊始,中国在南亚地区的行动似乎有所增加。中国观察人士认为,正是南亚地区日益突出的重要性引起了中国的新兴趣。一些人将这种突然增加的外交往来与中国加入世贸组织联系起来,同时也有人将其与发生在该地区的恐怖主义事件相连,并进一步解释说,中国对南亚地区的兴趣与美国的亚洲政策具有一致性。基于众多假设,本文试图分析中国在南亚地区互动来往日益增长背后的利益原因,以及中国如何实现这些利益。为此,本文以孟加拉国、印度、巴基斯坦、尼泊尔和斯里兰卡为例。本文认为中国在南亚地区有五个主要利益,即确保能源安全、维护海上通道安全、维护国内外和平稳定、实现经济发展、反对霸权主义。中国的能源主要是通过印度洋的海上通道运输,南亚地区在北京的运输路线多元化的新目标中扮演着重要的作用。最为重要的是,南亚作为中国产品出口地、制造业劳动力市场和重要投资目的地是十分具有前途的。中国也预见到了在南亚传播影响力的重要性,不过这同时也是美国的兴趣所在。所以,如果中国想要避免可能的影响和美国的干预,想要通过西部边界来连接中国和南亚地区,就应该在华盛顿之前,加强在该地区的存在。为此,中国正在使用不同的国家策略。本文将使用K.J. Holsti关于治国策略的理论框架,对中国在这些国家的外交策略进行分析。目前已经确定中国正在使用的策略有经济、军事、外交和宣传等策略。虽然中国主要是通过双边互动而不是将南亚视为一个整体来交往,但本研究将试图证明中国在该地区每个国家的策略运用存在相似之处。经济策略技巧被认为是最有效的,如中国正在使用商品贸易、对外直接投资和发展援助等经济手段来使该地区各国意识到其自身利益所在。中国在每个国家使用军事策略技巧是不同的,不过常用的主要是武器贸易和联合军事演习。外交沟通和会议外交是主要的外交技巧,宣传也在世界各国使用相同的主题。外交和宣传手段被认为是主要的国家工具。论文将进一步了解中国在该地区的实力水平。罗伯特·达尔的实力分析框架将被用于分析中国在该地区实力水平和北京在该地区运用的技术或影响工具。论文将表明尽管在政治上不信任,经济上相互竞争,但印度在经济关系方面却无法摆脱中国的诱惑。就国家的其他方面而言,中国在印度的影响力并没有像在其他南亚国家那样成功。因此,与其他国家相比,中国在印度还没有实现其影响力,然而在所有其他南亚国家都基本实现了,只不过范围、实力和程度不尽相同。论文还表明,中国的权力基础来自于小南亚国家想要追求中国成为支持其经济发展、提供其安全保障的坚定不移的朋友。中国为那些被其他国家所忽视的南亚小国提供支持,更成功地加强了双方间的互信。最后,论文认为中国在南亚具有两大主要类型的权力:关系性权力和结构性权力。关系性权力是与其讨价还价能力相联系的。中国在南亚的讨价还价能力是依情境和关系而形成的。它在经济方面具有很大的影响力,但没有证据表明中国在政治方面有足够的权力来影响南亚的小国。还要指出的是,除巴基斯坦以外,印度在南亚其他国家的讨价还价能力相较中国更高一些。在结构性权力方面,中国计划在南亚的金融和生产方面加强影响,并逐步在贸易、能源和交通基础设施发展方面占据主导地位。对实力关系进行分析之后,论文将对研究问题和假设的结果进行解释,并对中国与南亚国家提出一些建议。论文将为主要研究问题提供答案,即中国的新兴利益是基于北京为了其核心国家利益对南亚国家重要性进行重新认识的结果。在假设方面,论文证明了两个假设是正确的。最后,为中国提出一些建议,中国应考虑在不给部分弱小南亚国家带来霸权国担忧的前提下,如何继续正面维持与南亚国家的关系;另一方面,论文提议南亚国家不应给中国过多的权力,避免让中国影响到其国家结构。否则的话,南亚国家将会在这个地区体验到中国霸权。
二、Xinjiang Opens Its Door to the World——An interview with Wang Lequan,Vice-Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region（论文开题报告）
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三、Xinjiang Opens Its Door to the World——An interview with Wang Lequan,Vice-Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region（论文提纲范文）
（2）中华学术外译项目《<玛纳斯>演唱大师居素普·玛玛依评传》汉英翻译实践报告（论文提纲范文）
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
| abstract |
| 摘要 |
| CHAPTER Ⅰ INTRODUCTION |
| 1.1 Background |
| 1.2 Description and Analysis of Translation Task |
| 1.2.1 Content and procedure of the task |
| 1.2.2 Source text analysis |
| 1.2.3 Translation purpose and Target readership |
| 1.3 Significance and Structure of the Report |
| CHAPTER Ⅱ LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL SUPPORT |
| 2.1 Previous Studies on Biographical Translation |
| 2.2 Theoretical Support |
| 2.2.1 Overview of Peter Newmark’s text typology |
| 2.2.2 Communicative translation |
| CHAPTER Ⅲ ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROBLEMS |
| 3.1 Deficiency of Cultural Information |
| 3.1.1 Transliteration of ethnic proper nouns |
| 3.1.2 Free translation of culture-loaded words |
| 3.1.3 Literal translation of culture-loaded words |
| 3.2 Mistranslation |
| 3.2.1 Mistranslation of set phrases |
| 3.2.2 Mistranslation of culture-loaded words |
| 3.2.3 Mistranslation of naming custom |
| 3.3 Inaccurate Translation of Sentences |
| 3.3.1 Misuse of subject |
| 3.3.2 Inappropriate translation of long sentences |
| CHAPTER Ⅳ SOLUTIONS ADOPTED UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF COMMUNICATIVE TRANSLATION |
| 4.1 Solutions to Problems at Lexical Level |
| 4.1.1 Annotation of cultural information |
| 4.1.2 Adoption of accepted term plus annotation |
| 4.1.3 Free translation of set phrases and culture-loaded words |
| 4.2 Solutions to Problems at Syntactic Level |
| 4.2.1 Subject shifts |
| 4.2.2 Division of long sentences |
| CHAPTER Ⅴ CONCLUSION |
| 5.1 Major Findings |
| 5.2 Limitations |
| REFERENCES |
| APPENDIX |
（3）陕西省政府网站文化新闻汉译英实践报告（论文提纲范文）
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
| abstract |
| 摘要 |
| CHAPTER Ⅰ INTRODUCTION |
| 1.1 Background of the Report |
| 1.2 Translation Task Description |
| 1.2.1 Content and Requirements of the Task |
| 1.2.2 Translation Procedure |
| 1.3 Significance and Structure of the Report |
| CHAPTER Ⅱ LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK |
| 2.1 Literature Review |
| 2.1.1 Studies on Translation of Website News |
| 2.1.2 Studies on Cultural News Translation |
| 2.2 Theoretical Framework |
| 2.2.1 Relevance Theory |
| 2.2.2 Relevance Translation Theory |
| CHAPTER Ⅲ ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROBLEMS |
| 3.1 Insufficient Cultural Information for Proper Nouns Translation |
| 3.1.1 Dynasties in the History |
| 3.1.2 Geographical Names |
| 3.1.3 Event Names |
| 3.1.4 Official Titles |
| 3.2 Lack of Cultural Information for Culture-loaded Words Translation |
| 3.2.1 Traditional Chinese Festivals |
| 3.2.2 Traditional Chinese Folk Activities |
| 3.2.3 Taoist Concepts |
| 3.2.4 Network Neologisms |
| 3.3 Redundant Cultural Information |
| 3.3.1 Chinese Idioms |
| 3.3.2 Chinese Poems |
| CHAPTER Ⅳ SOLUTIONS ADOPTED UNDER THE GUIDANCE OFRELEVANCE TRANSALTION THEORY |
| 4.1 Annotation to Achieve Sufficient Contextual Effect |
| 4.1.1 Transliteration plus Annotation |
| 4.1.2 Literal Translation plus Annotation |
| 4.1.3 Free Translation plus Annotation |
| 4.2 Free Translation to Obtain Optimal Relevance |
| 4.2.1 Paraphrase |
| 4.2.2 Addition |
| 4.2.3 Deletion |
| CHAPTER Ⅴ CONCLUSION |
| 5.1 Major Findings |
| 5.2 Limitations |
| REFERENCES |
| APPENDIX I:The Source Text |
| APPENDIX II:The Target Text |
（4）交际翻译理论视角下《中国—东盟博览》新闻汉译英实践报告（论文提纲范文）
| Acknowledgements |
| 摘要 |
| Abstract |
| Chapter1 Introduction |
| 1.1 Task Description |
| 1.2 Research of News Translation at Home and Abroad |
| 1.2.1 Research of news translation abroad |
| 1.2.2 Research of news translation at home |
| 1.3 Structure of the Report |
| Chapter2 Process Description |
| 2.1 Pre-task Preparation |
| 2.1.1 Text analysis |
| 2.1.2 Parallel texts review |
| 2.2 Translating Process |
| 2.3 Post-task Evaluation and Feedback |
| Chapter3 Case Analyses from the Perspective of the CommunicativeTranslation Theory |
| 3.1 An Overview of the Communicative Translation Theory |
| 3.1.1 Development of the Communicative Translation Theory |
| 3.1.2 Studies on the Communicative Translation and its application |
| 3.2 Case Study |
| 3.2.1 Translation strategies at the lexical level |
| 3.2.1.1 Literal translation |
| 3.2.1.2 Free translation |
| 3.2.1.3 Amplification |
| 3.2.1.4 Omission |
| 3.2.2 Translation strategies at the syntactic level |
| 3.2.2.1 Combination |
| 3.2.2.2 Division |
| 3.2.3 Translation strategies at the textual level |
| Chapter4 Conclusion |
| 4.1 Findings |
| 4.2 Limitations |
| 4.3 Implications for Future Studies |
| References |
| Appendix1:The Source Text |
| Appendix2:The Draft Version |
| Appendix3:The Revised Version |
（5）商务报道四词词串的扩展意义单位研究 ——基于《中国日报》与《经济学人》的对比分析（论文提纲范文）
| 摘要 |
| Abstract |
| Acknowledgements |
| Abbreviations |
| Chapter One Introduction |
| 1.1 Research Motivation |
| 1.2 Significance of the Study |
| 1.3 Research Objectives |
| 1.4 Organization of the Thesis |
| Chapter Two Literature Review |
| 2.1 Previous Studies on Business News |
| 2.2 Previous Studies on Lexical Bundles |
| 2.2.1 A General Survey on Lexical Bundles |
| 2.2.2 Research Perspectives of Lexical Bundles |
| 2.3 Summary |
| Chapter Three Theoretical Framework |
| 3.1 Classification of Lexical Bundles |
| 3.1.1 The Structural Classification of Lexical Bundles |
| 3.1.2 The Functional Classification of Lexical Bundles |
| 3.2 Co-selection Theory |
| 3.2.1 Co-selection of Lexis and Lexis |
| 3.2.2 Co-selection of Lexis and Grammar |
| 3.2.3 Co-selection of Patterns and Meaning |
| 3.3 The Model of Extended Units of Meaning |
| 3.3.1 Collocation and Colligation |
| 3.3.2 Semantic Preference and Semantic Prosody |
| 3.4 The Theoretical Framework Specific to this Study |
| 3.4.1 Adaptation of Classification of Lexical Bundles |
| 3.4.2 Connection Between Co-selection Theory and EUM Model |
| 3.4.3 Application of the Theoretical Framework |
| Chapter Four Analysis of Four-word Lexical Bundles in CDC and TEC |
| 4.1 Research Design |
| 4.1.1 Analytical Approaches |
| 4.1.2 Data Collection |
| 4.1.3 Research Questions |
| 4.2 Data Analysis |
| 4.2.1 The Distribution of Bundles in CDC and TEC |
| 4.2.2 The Contrastive Structural Analysis |
| 4.2.3 The Contrastive Functional Analysis |
| 4.3 Discussion |
| 4.3.1 Overall Features of Bundles in CDC and TEC |
| 4.3.2 Co-selection of Lexis and Grammar of Bundles |
| 4.3.3 Co-selection of Lexis and Lexis of Bundles |
| 4.3.4 Co-selection of Patterns and Meanings of Bundles |
| Chapter Five Conclusion |
| 5.1 Major Findings of the Study |
| 5.2 Implications of the Study |
| 5.3 Limitations and Suggestions |
| References |
| Appendices |
| Appendix Ⅰ The Qualified Four-word Lexical Bundles In CDC |
| Appendix Ⅱ The Qualified Four-word Lexical Bundles In TEC |
| Appendix Ⅲ Top 30 Frequently Occurred Bundles in Two Corpora |
| Appendix Ⅳ Four-word Lexical Bundles Shared in CDC and TEC |
（6）The Building of BCIM Economic Corridor:Implications for China-Bangladesh Relations（论文提纲范文）
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
| 摘要 |
| Abstract |
| Introduction |
| Rationale of the Study |
| Objectives of the Study and Research Questions |
| Research Methodology |
| Concluding Remarks |
| Organization of the Dissertation |
| Chapter 1 Literature Review and Theoretical Framework |
| 1.1 Literature Review |
| 1.2 Theoretical Framework |
| 1.3 Hypothesis |
| Chapter 2 The BCIM Economic Corridor and the Silk Road |
| 2.1 The BCIM Economic Corridor |
| 2.2 The BCIM Forum |
| 2.3 China's Belt and Road Initiative |
| 2.4 The Ancient Southern Silk Road |
| Chapter 3 China-Bangladesh Relations and Their Relations with Other BCIM Countries |
| 3.1 China-Bangladesh Relations |
| 3.2 China-India Relations |
| 3.3 China-Myanmar Relations |
| 3.4 Bangladesh-India Relations |
| 3.5 Bangladesh-Myanmar Relations |
| Chapter 4 The Advantages of the BCIM Economic Corridor |
| 4.1 Economic Advantages for China |
| 4.2 Geostrategic and Geopolitical Significance for China |
| 4.3 Economic Advantages for Bangladesh |
| 4.4 Geostrategic and Geopolitical Significance for Bangladesh |
| Chapter 5 Major Challenges of Building BCIM Economic Corridor |
| 5.1 Geopolitical Challenges |
| 5.2 Ethnic Insurgency in Northeast India |
| 5.3 Ethnic Insurgency in Myanmar |
| 5.4 Rohingya Issue between Bangladesh and Myanmar |
| 5.5 Other Challenges |
| Conclusion |
| Significance of the Research |
| Appendix |
| Abbreviation |
| Bibliography |
（7）Changes in the Russian Foreign Language Textbooks Used in Three Universities in Northeast China since 1949（论文提纲范文）
| ABSTRACT |
| DEDICATION |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
| Abbreviations and Acronyms |
| CHAPTER ONE: THE NATURE AND CONTEXT OF STUDY |
| 1.1 Introduction |
| 1.2 Background to the study |
| 1.3 Statement of the Problem |
| 1.4 Purpose of the study |
| 1.5 Objectives of the study |
| 1.6 Research questions |
| 1.7 Significance of the study |
| 1.8 Limitations of the study |
| 1.9 Definitions of key terms |
| 1.9.1 Russian Language as a Foreign Language |
| 1.9.2 Textbook |
| 1.9.3 Textbook design and presentation |
| 1.9.4 Country Image |
| 1.9.5 Language learning |
| 1.9.6 Ideology in cognition, society and discourse |
| 1.9.7 Culture |
| CHAPTER TWO: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CHINA |
| 2.1 The historical perspective on relationship between Russia and China |
| 2.1.1 Relations during USSR |
| 2.1.2 Post USSR |
| 2.1.3 Economic Comparison |
| 2.1.4 Strategic Partnership |
| 2.2 The Educational relationships between Russia and China |
| 2.2.1 The Influences of the Soviet Educational Model on the Education of P. R. China |
| 2.2.2 The Translating and Editing of Teaching Plans, Outlines and Textbooks of the Former U.S.S.R |
| 2.2.3 The Hiring of Russian Professors and the Training of Chinese Russian-Speakers |
| CHAPTER THREE: EXPLORING RFL EDUCATION IN CHINA |
| 3.1 Russian Language Education in China |
| 3.1.1 Teaching of Russian Language in Chinese Universities |
| 3.1.2 Current status and trend of training the RFL in Chinese Universities |
| 3.1.3 Methods of Teaching Russian Language in Chinese Universities |
| 3.1.4 The Difficulties and Problems of Teaching Russian Language in Chinese Universities |
| 3.1.5 Dialogue of Cultures of Teaching of Russian as a foreign Language in the Chinese Audience |
| 3.2 Russian foreign language textbooks |
| 3.2.1 Perspectives on textbooks analysis |
| 3.2.2 Guiding Theories for the Study |
| 3.2.3 The Nature of Textbooks, Their Production, and Procurement |
| 3.2.4 The principles of creating modern Russian as a foreign language textbook |
| 3.3 Cultural differences |
| 3.4 The Dominant Ideologies in China and Ideological nature of the Russian language textbooks |
| 3.5 Conceptual framework |
| CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY |
| 4.1 Research design |
| 4.2 Study Area |
| 4.3 Sampling |
| 4.4 Instruments of data collection |
| 4.5 Interviews |
| 4.6 Validity and reliability of Instrument of Data Collection |
| 4.7 Ethical Considerations |
| CHAPTER FIVE: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS |
| 5.1 Russian Language Textbook changes in different historical periods from political, social-cultural, pedagogical and economic perspectives |
| 5.1.1 The historical period since 1949- 1960th (The Golden Era of RFL) |
| 5.1.2 During the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), period of stagnation |
| 5.1.3 After the Cultural Revolution (1980-1989), Time of Renewal and Stabilization |
| 5.1.4 From 1990 to Present Day (Rational development) |
| 5.2 Understanding the changes in the Russian Language Textbooks from collected data |
| 5.3 Meaning of changes in the Russian Language Textbooks in China Since 1949 |
| CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS |
| 6.1 Conclusions and Implications |
| 6.2 Recommendations |
| REFERENCES |
| APPENDICES |
| APPENDIX A: List of Analyzed Russian Language Textbooks |
| APPENDIX B: Interview Guide for Russian Language Textbook editors/ writers |
| APPENDIX C: Interview Sample One |
| APPENDIX D: Interview Sample Two |
（8）伊朗与中国中小企业在制裁形势下的合作模式与策略研究（论文提纲范文）
| ABSTRACT |
| 中文摘要 |
| PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT |
| CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS, PURPOSE, DELIMITATIONS |
| 1.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 1.2 QUESTIONS OF THESIS |
| 1.3 IMPORTANCE AND WEAKNESSES OF THE THESIS TOPICS |
| 1.3.1 Importance |
| 1.3.2 Weakness |
| 1.4 THESIS OUTLINE |
| 1.5 THE INNOVATIVE THINKING OF THE TOPIC AS A PROJECT |
| 1.6 TOPIC TARGET, RESEARCH CONTENTS AND THE KEYS OF PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED |
| 1.7 CHAPTER SUMMARY |
| CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW |
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 2.2 OVERVIEW OF IRAN AND CHINA RELATION |
| 2.2.1 Cooperation of Iran and China in Energy Section |
| 2.2.2. Iran and China cooperation in Non-Oil Sectors |
| 2.2.3 Strategic Planning for Iran and China economic Relation |
| 2.2.4 Iran and China Relation Concerning One Belt and One Road Initiative |
| 2.3 STUDIES BACKGROUND |
| 2.4 SMEs INTERNALIZATIONS |
| 2.4.1 SMEs definition |
| 2.4.2 Internationalization of SMEs |
| 2.4.3 Significance of SMEs internationalization |
| 2.4.4 Foreign market entry strategy for SMEs |
| 2.4.5 The role of SMEs on economic growth |
| 2.4.6 Policies and programs in support of SMEs in economic development and international relations |
| 2.4.6.1 Italy's Experiences |
| 2.4.6.2 Greece's Experience |
| 2.4.6.3 Southern Korea's Experience |
| 2.4.7 Cooperation strategies dedicated to SMEs |
| 2.4.8 The factors which determine the institutional internationalization of SMEs |
| 2.5 THEORETICAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF THE RESEARCH |
| 2.5.1 Definition of Theoretical Strategy |
| 2.5.2 Definition of Operational Strategy |
| 2.5.3 Conceptual properties of strategy |
| 2.5.4 Theoretical Concept of Cooperation |
| 2.5.6 Operational Concept of Cooperation |
| 2.5.7 Theoretical Definition of SMEs |
| 2.5.8 Operational Definition of SMEs |
| 2.6 THE SANCTION AND ITS AFFECT IN BILATERAL RELATIONSHIP |
| 2.7 SLEPT ANALYSIS |
| 2.8 RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION |
| 2.9 SUMMARY |
| CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY |
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 3.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY |
| 3.3 THE ANALYSIS OF THESIS |
| 3.3.1 Quantitative Approach |
| 3.3.2 Qualitative Approach |
| 3.4 STATISTICAL POPULATION |
| 3.5 STATISTICAL SAMPLE |
| 3.5.1 Reasons for Sampling |
| 3.5.2 Cluster Random Sampling |
| 3.5.3 Sample Size Determination |
| 3.6 RESEARCH VARIABLES |
| 3.7 DATA COLLECTION METHOD |
| 3.7.1 Library Method |
| 3.7.2 Field Method |
| 3.8 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF A QUESTIONNAIRE |
| 3.9 SUMMARY |
| CHAPTER 4 SLEPT ANALYSIS FOR BOTH IRAN AND CHINA |
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 4.2 SOCIAL LIFE AND ITS AFFECT IN BUSINESS COOPEATION |
| 4.2.1 Cultural Differences |
| 4.2.2. Working Time Differences |
| 4.2.3 Some Common Features of Iranian Social Behaviors Are as Bellow: |
| 4.2.4 Some Common Features of Chinese Business Behaviors Are as Bellow: |
| 4.3 LEGAL ASPECTS |
| 4.4 IRAN ECONOMY OVERVIEW |
| 4.5 IRAN ECONOMY IN LAST FIVE YEARS AND PERDICTION FOR FIVE YEARS LATER |
| 4.6 CHINAECONOMY OVERVIEW |
| 4.7 CHINA ECONOMY IN LAST FIVE YEARS AND PREDICTION FOR 5 YEARS LATER |
| 4.8 IMPACT OF POLITICAL CONDITIONS ON ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF SMEs IN INTERNATIONAL ARENA |
| 4.9 TECHNOLIGY AND ITS AFFECT ON SMEs COOPERATION |
| 4.9.1 Iran Side |
| 4.9.2 China Side |
| 4.10 COMPLIMENTARY DISCUSSION |
| 4.11 COMPARATIVE STUDY |
| 4.12 CHAPTER SUMMERY AND IMPLICATION OF SLEPT ANALYSIS |
| CHAPTER 5 INVESTIGATION ON SMES FEATURES IN BOTH COUNTRIES |
| 5.1. INTRODUCTION |
| 5.2. LITERATURE REVIEW |
| 5.3. INVESTIGATION OF CHINESE SMEs |
| 5.3.1. Empowerment Strategies for Small and Medium Businesses |
| 5.3.2. Overcoming Barriers and Challenges to Domestic and International Competitive Advantage by Internationalization |
| 5.4 INVESTIGATION OF IRANIAN SMEs |
| 5.4.1. SMEs Definition in Iran |
| 5.4.2. Iran SMEs Feature |
| 5.4.3 SMEs and trade organization |
| 5.5. SUMMARY WITH IMPLICATIONS AND DISCUSSION |
| CHAPTER 6 SEEKING FOR SUITABLE MODELS AND STRATEGIES FOR COOPERATION BETWEEN SMEs OF TWO COUNTRIES |
| 6.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 6.2 QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS |
| 6.2.1 Descriptive Statistics |
| 6.2.2 Referential Statistics |
| 6.2.3 Results of Quantitative Analysis |
| 6.3 QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS |
| 6.3.1 Analysis of Qualitative Questionnaire |
| 6.3.2 Analysis of Case Study |
| 6.3.3 Results of Qualitative Approach Analysis |
| 6.4 IMPROVEMENT OF THE SELECTED MODEL OF MERCADEX–DESJARDINS |
| 6.5 SUMMARY |
| CHAPTER 7 STUDY ON SMEs COOPERATION WITHIN AND AFTER REMOVING ECONOMIC SANCTION ON IRAN |
| 7.1 WHAT IS THE SANCTION AND IT S AFFECT IN ECONOMY AND TRADE ISSUES |
| 7.2 INVESTIGATION ON IMPACT OF SANCTION ON IRAN AND BILATERAL RELATION OF TWO COUNTRIES AND ROLE OF SMES WITHIN THIS PERIOD |
| 7.3 IRAN NUCLEAR DEAL |
| 7.4 IRAN AND CHINA RELATION BOOMING AFTER REMOVING SANCTION |
| 7.5 OPPORTUNITIES FOR COOPERATION AFTER REMOVING SANCTION FOR BOTH SIDES |
| 7.5.1 Investment |
| 7.5.2 Finance |
| 7.5.3 Trading |
| 7.5.4 Technology and High Tech |
| 7.5.5 Services |
| 7.5.6 One Belt, One Road |
| 7.6 SUITABLE MODELS AND STRATEGIES OF COOPERATION AFTER REMOVING THE SANCTION |
| 7.7 SUMMARY |
| CHAPTER 8 RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION ROUTE BRINGS NEW OPPORTUNITIES TO SMEs CO-OPERATION (DEEP ANALYSIS FOR A PARTICULAR SECTOR) |
| 8.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 8.1.1 Research Purpose |
| 8.1.2 One Belt One Road Initiative and AIIB |
| 8.1.3 Three Railway Routes from China to Europe and Middle East |
| 8.1.4 The Operation of China-Europe and Middle East Asia Railway Transportation |
| 8.1.5 Focusing On China-Iran Logistic Solution |
| 8.2 THE PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES OF CHINA-EUROPE (MIDDLE EAST) FREIGHT TRAIN DEVELOPMENT |
| 8.2.1 Railway's Higher Costs vs. Sea Transportation |
| 8.2.2 Railway Track Width Issue |
| 8.2.3 Document Issues |
| 8.2.4 Unbalanced Freight Direction |
| 8.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY |
| 8.4 THE INVESTIGATION OF SEA ROUTE TRANSPORTATION FROM CHINA TO IRAN |
| 8.4.1 Sea Transportation Route and Rate from Web investigation |
| 8.4.2 Main Sea Transportation Charge Information from the Investigation in 2014 |
| 8.4.3 The Results of Investigation |
| 8.5 RAILWAY ROUTE RATE INVESTIGATIONS |
| 8.5.1 China-Middle Asia Route and China-Europe Railway Transportation |
| 8.5.2 Railway Rate Decision Makers |
| 8.5.3 Railway Route Rate Investigation |
| 8.6 CHINA LOCAL GOVERNMENT'S SUBSIDIES TO THE CHINA-EUROPE CARGO TRAINS |
| 8.7 THE EXPLORATION OF THE BALANCED ECONOMIC POINTS OR LINE |
| 8.7.1 Started from Balanced Formula Development |
| 8.7.2 The Smart Logic to Get Balanced Point |
| 8.7.3 Further Computational Formula in Detail |
| 8.7.4 to Get the Solution of Above Formula (7-6) |
| 8.7.5 The Discussion About To Consider Government Subsidy Issue |
| 8.7.6 from Costs Solution to Geographic Place Information |
| 8.7.7 Discussion with Government Subsidy Ratio |
| 8.7.8 to Get the Balanced Points with the Government Subsidies |
| 8.7.9 Summary of All Related Data and Balanced Geographic Places |
| 8.7.10 Drawing the Balance Lines in Map |
| 8.8 STUDY FINDINGS AND OPPORTUNITIES ANALYSIS |
| 8.9 CHAPTER SUMMARY |
| CHAPTER 9 STRATEGIC AND PRACTICAL DISCUSSION |
| 9.1 INTRODUCTION |
| 9.2 CHALENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN IRAN AND CHINA TRADE RELATION |
| 9.3 BUSINESS RELATION OF IRAN AND CHINA IN FUTURE |
| 9.4 HOW TO ARRANGE THE FIRST DEAL TO BE HAPPEN SUCCESSFULLY |
| 9.4.1 Selling and Buying According to the Accepted Trade Contract |
| 9.4.2 Getting Agency or Appointment an Agent |
| 9.4.3 Establishing Joint Venture |
| 9.5 HOW TO REDUCE THE UNCERTAINITY BETWEEN SMEs OF IRAN AND CHINA |
| 9.5.1 Cultural Differences |
| 9.5.2 Working Time Differences |
| 9.5.3 Differences in Working Style |
| 9.6 ADOPTING THE NEW BUSINESS MODELS |
| 9.8 SUMMARY |
| CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION |
| CONCLUSION |
| IMPLICATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS |
| APPENDIX 1: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE |
| APPENDIX 2: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE |
| REFERENCES |
（9）An Uneven Contest:How Power Asymmetries Shape Sino-India Competition for Power and Influence in South Asia（论文提纲范文）
| 摘要 |
| Abstract |
| Introduction |
| Simultaneous but 'uneven' rise of India and China |
| Power and outward growth |
| Rise of China and growing global economic presence |
| Scope of the Study:South Asia |
| Literary review: A great power rivalry |
| Security Dilemma |
| Widening power asymmetries and shifting threat perceptions |
| Objective of the Study |
| Distribution of relative economic power |
| Fungibility of power resources as a factor of South Asia's domain context |
| Paradox of India's discursive power |
| Narendra Modi and the new phase of foreign policy activism |
| South Asia's challenge and opportunity |
| Sequence |
| 1. Why the Sino-India competition is uneven? |
| 1.1. Power asymmetries between India and China |
| 1.1.1. Widening power asymmetries in defence |
| 1.1.2. Asymmetries in R&D spending |
| 1.1.3. Relative power of firms |
| 1.2. State structures and limits of extractive capacity |
| 1.2.1. Constraining effects of political fragmentation |
| 1.2.2. India's limit of extractive power |
| 1.2.3. Opportunity cost of foreign policy interests |
| 1.3. Primary Research Question |
| 1.4. Power analysis |
| 1.4.1. Element of national power approach |
| 1.4.2. Power Relational Approach |
| 1.4.3. Primary Hypothesis |
| 1.5. Research Outline |
| 1.5.1. Distribution of economic power resources in the region |
| 1.5.2. Domain context and fungibility of power |
| Conclusion |
| 2. Background to Sino-India relations |
| 2.1. Relations between China and India after independence |
| 2.1.1. India's Non-alignment Policy |
| 2.1.2. Mao's 'lean to one side' |
| 2.1.3. Internal contradictions in India's policy on China |
| 2.1.4. Frozen Sino- Indian relationship and trappings of Indo-Soviet alliance |
| 2.1.5. Soviet influence of India's China relations |
| 2.1.6. Rajiv Gandhi's Beijing visit and revival of high level contact |
| 2.2. Xi and Modi era |
| 2.2.1. The new dynamics of Indo-Chinese relations under the new leadership in Beijing and New Delhi |
| 2.2.2. Cooperating globally- competing locally |
| 2.2.3. "Chindia": Peace through trade? |
| 2.2.4. India China: Decoupling economic cooperation from security rivalry |
| Conclusion |
| 3. China's South Asia Policy |
| 3.1. China's Third World Policy |
| 3.1.1. Five principles of Co-existence |
| 3.1.2. Mao's 'Three Worlds theory' |
| 3.1.3. Low Key approach of Deng Xiaoping |
| 3.2. China's economic diplomacy in South Asia in the 21st century |
| 3.2.1. High Level contact |
| 3.2.2. South Asia's Bipartisan consensus |
| 3.2.3. China as a source of diplomatic support |
| 3.3. Defence cooperation |
| 3.4. Indian Concern: South Asia's tight rope walk |
| 3.5. Sino-Pakistan entente |
| 3.5.1. CPEC: Moving beyond defence |
| Conclusion |
| 4. China's economic power resources and fungibility in South Asia |
| 4.1. China's looming web of economic influence |
| 4.1.1. Rapid expansion |
| 4.2. Chinese economic presence in South Asian states |
| 4.2.1. Pakistan |
| 4.2.2. China Pakistan Economic Corridor |
| 4.2.3. Sri Lanka |
| 4.2.4. Bangladesh |
| 4.2.5. Nepal |
| 4.2.6. Maldives |
| 4.2.7. Afghanistan |
| 4.2.8. Bhutan |
| 4.3. Misconceptions of the Chinese aid to South Asia |
| 4.3.1. lending rogue regimes? |
| 4.3.2. Less geopolitical, more mercantilist |
| 4.3.3. More loans, less aid |
| 4.4. China's Soft power |
| 4.4.1. Limits of China's soft power |
| 4.5. Domain /Scope factor: South Asia's domestic system |
| 4.5.1. Infrastructure deficit |
| 4.5.2. Sense of urgency |
| 4.5.3. Personal political ambitions and Performance based legitimacy |
| 4.6. Domain /scope context and fungibility of China's economic power |
| 4.6.1. Domestic Politics |
| 4.6.2. Limits of state centric approach |
| 4.6.3. Fragmented Polity and local discontent |
| 4.6.4. Loans: a double edged sward |
| 4.6.5. Geopolitical limits |
| Conclusion |
| 5. India's South Asia strategy |
| 5.1. British Raj and the formation of India's neighbourhood policy |
| 5.2. India's Monroe Doctrine: Indira Doctrine |
| 5.3. Paradox of discursive power: India's image problem |
| 5.4. India's China concern in South Asia |
| 5.5. India's economic role in South Asia |
| 5.5.1. Bhutan |
| 5.5.2. Nepal |
| 5.5.3. Afghanistan |
| 5.5.4. Bangladesh |
| 5.5.5. Sri Lanka |
| 5.6. Intra-regional trade: Missing elephant in the room |
| 5.7. Modi and the new phase of Indian economic diplomacy |
| 5.7.1. Multilateral economic balancing |
| Conclusion |
| 6. How India is balancing China's economic presence in South Asia under Narendra Modi? |
| 6.1. Narendra Modi's personalized foreign policy |
| 6.1.1. Personal attributes and change of domestic system as a factor of influencing the Indian foreign policy |
| 6.1.2. The ideological shift in Indian foreign policy: from Nehruvianism to Hindutva realism |
| 6.2. India's evolving South Asian policy under Narendra Modi |
| 6.2.1. Bangladesh |
| 6.2.2. Sri Lanka |
| 6.2.3. Nepal |
| 6.2.4. Maldives |
| 6.3. India's evolving multi-lateral strategy of soft balancing |
| 6.3.1. The revival of the Quad |
| 6.3.2. Democratic Quad: The synergy of internal characteristics |
| 6.3.3. India-America grand partnership |
| 6.3.4. Security cooperation |
| 6.3.5. Trump and the evolving one dimensional partnership |
| 6.3.6. Challenges ahead |
| Conclusion |
| Conclusion |
| China's lateral pressure and outward growth |
| India's Relative power deficit and limits of foreign policy activism |
| Fungibility of power resources and South Asia's domain context |
| India's balancing of China and convergence of systemic forces |
| A case for Sino-Indian cooperation in South Asian and mutual benefit |
| Bibliography |
（10）China’s Statecraft in South Asia:From Resources to Power（论文提纲范文）
| Acknowledgement |
| 摘要 |
| Abstract |
| 1 Introduction |
| 1.1 Proposed Research |
| 1.2 Methodology |
| 1.3 Structure |
| 1.4 Significance |
| 2 Literature Review |
| 2.1 Statecraft and National Interest |
| 2.2 Power Analysis Literature |
| 2.3 How Resources of Major Powers influencing other states |
| 2.4 Specific Cases of China Using Resources to Gain Power |
| 2.5 China's Statecraft in South Asia |
| 3 China and South Asia: Background of Relations and China's Interests in the Region |
| 3.1 Overview of China's Relations in South Asia |
| 3.2 China's National Interests |
| 3.3 China's Interest in South Asia |
| 4 China's Statecraft in South Asia: How China is using its Resources? |
| 4.1 China's Resources |
| 4.2 Economic Statecraft |
| 4.3 Military Statecraft |
| 4.4 Diplomacy |
| 4.5 Propaganda |
| 5 Gaining Power in South Asia: How Resources are transformed into Power? |
| 5.1 Domain-Has China Gained Power in South Asia? |
| 5.2 Scope of Power |
| 5.3 Base of Power-Why South Asian Countries are Attracted to China |
| 5.4 Strength and Extent-How Successful China is? |
| 5.5 Means of Power |
| 5.6 Magnitude and Distribution-Forms of Power |
| 6 Conclusion |
| 6.1 Summery |
| 6.2 Exploration of Research Question |
| 6.3 Exploration of Hypothesis |
| 6.4 Concluding Observations |
| 6.5 Recommendations |
| Bibliography |
| Appendices |
四、Xinjiang Opens Its Door to the World——An interview with Wang Lequan,Vice-Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region（论文参考文献）
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- [7]Changes in the Russian Foreign Language Textbooks Used in Three Universities in Northeast China since 1949[D]. Sesegma Bazlhirova. 东北师范大学, 2018(11)
- [8]伊朗与中国中小企业在制裁形势下的合作模式与策略研究[D]. 白沙拉提（BABAK BESHARATI LOROUN）. 东华大学, 2018(05)
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