一、Transnational Operation—Aim of the CATIC Group（论文文献综述）
Noor Mohammad Sarker[1]（2021）在《后冷战时代小国在国际政治中的角色演变 ——孟加拉国和新加坡的案例研究》文中进行了进一步梳理What explains small states’ evolving role in the post-Cold War international politics?This dissertation answers this question by analyzing the key factors behind the rising significance of small states in both regional and global institutions.It also examines the linkages among these factors and theoretically explains their contributions as well as limitations.By employing the qualitative method of social research and the case study design,the dissertation tastes the hypothesis that,the development of the practices of rules,norms and institutions in the post-Cold War international relations as well as the corresponding geostrategic as well as geoeconomic significance of Bangladesh and Singapore have been contributing to their evolving role as small states in the contemporary international politicsThe existing literature on the role of small states represent the conventional wisdom that,the transition of world politics from unipolarity to multipolarity,the spread of globalization,and the rise of transnational connectivity remain some of the major contributing forces to the progress of global and regional institutions in the post-Cold War era,which have brought qualitative developments to the contemporary world politics and granted small states to enjoy a greater foreign policy autonomy as well as to grasp larger opportunities for strengthening their national developments.While supporting this conventional wisdom,the findings of the study establish an additional argument that,significant geopolitical locations and geoeconomic characteristics often place some small states in a better position for playing an efficient role in global and regional institutions,and thereby extracting larger benefits from the evolving structure of world politics.The findings of the dissertation also point out that,small states’ activism in regional organizations somewhat provides impetus for their rising significance in global institutions.The case studies of Bangladesh and Singapore,as explanatory variables,provide the utility of the core arguments offered by the study.With numerous examples,the dissertation shows that,the post-Cold War international political structure has been favorable to Bangladesh and Singapore in employing their geopolitical and geoeconomic advantages with regard to play more efficient role in global and regional organizations.
孙萌,封婷婷,XU Chao[2]（2020）在《New Developments and Challenges in the UN Norms on Human Rights Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations》文中研究指明With the adoption of the "Legally Binding Instrument to Regulate, in International Human Rights Law, the Activities of Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprises" and its revised draft, the codification of the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations has entered a new era The instrument aims to supplement the shortcomings of transnational corporations in fulfilling their human rights responsibilities by strengthening the obligations of states and to improve the host country’s inadequate remedies for human rights violations by establishing extraterritorial human rights jurisdiction of home countries But the instrument has encountered various challenges because the human rights obligations and legal responsibilities of states go beyond the current domestic human rights systems and impact the existing theories and practices of international human rights law In order to resolve the differences among countries, the future codification of the instrument should be based on existing domestic and international legal systems and practices striking a balance between the interests of developing and developed countries, taking into account the objectives of both the fair treatment of transnational corporations and human rights protection, to promote the regulatory effect of the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations
Umer Shahzad[3]（2020）在《The Impacts of New Terrorism on Capital Movement ——Empirical Evidence from Regional Analysis》文中提出本文研究新恐怖主义对受恐怖主义之害国家的资本流动的影响,并探明恐怖主义和宏观经济不稳定如何造成资本外逃。本文主要有两个目标:探究新恐怖主义对资本流动的影响,提出有效的资本管制政策。据此研究目标,我们还讨论了军事支出对所有国家资本流动和资本外逃的关键作用。本文的主要贡献是通过识别恐怖主义与资本流动的因果关系和相关程度从而测度恐怖主义对当事国经济的影响。进一步地,本文通过对政治不稳定和宏观经济指标的表现探讨了资本的跨境流动和资本外逃的特征。为探明恐怖主义对资本外逃和不同类型资本流动（境外直接投资、投资组合投资、外债股票）的影响,我们采用由一般到特殊的方法进行区域分析。实证分析中,我们借鉴了以往关于资本流动的文献和理论。因此,对于资本流动和资本外逃的分析遵循基于投资Q理论和投资转移理论的投资增长模型。值得注意的是,这些实证模型是根据理论的逻辑和分析框架以及每个方程的某些控制因素建立的。本文使用1990-2017年期间40个恐怖主义主要受害国的区域恐怖主义背景数据。主要变量:恐怖主义、资本流动、军事支出和宏观经济因素（数据来自多种来源）。首先,我们使用2018年全球恐怖主义数据库对高度受害国家的全部恐怖袭击数据进行编码。第二,军事支出和宏观经济因素数据来自2018年的世界发展指标（WDI）,机构质量可变数据来自2018年的经济自由度指数（EFI）。数据集进一步分为四个区域——南亚、撒哈拉以南非洲、中东和北非、亚太地区;三个收入水平——高收入、中等收入和低收入国家。总体研究结果报告了恐怖主义对不同形式的资本流动和造成区域资本外逃的重大影响。在大多数情况下,军事支出对资本流动产生显着和正向的影响,而在大多数地区对资本外逃产生了负面影响。在资本流动和资本流动的估算策略中,我们采用了面板数据技术:分位数回归、系统GMM,同时,FGLS和随机效应模型用于实证结果的稳健性检验。此外,我们还检验了主要变量的时间滞后效应:对资本流动和资本外逃的模型,全样本以及地区子样本。在对资本流动的稳健性分析中,本文进一步探究了制度和治理相关变量对不同类型资本流动的作用,在对资本流动和恐怖主义的关系、区域特征和收入水平的影响等方面的实证估计揭示了非常有趣和创新性的结果。我们感兴趣的主要变量、控制变量和制度因素的汇总统计数据在数据中未发现异常值。在实证分析中,针对资本流动的类型,我们使用了不同的控制变量。实证结果表明,发展中国家受害经济体中与恐怖主义有关的活动通过不同渠道对经济活动产生严重影响,阻碍了投资和资本流入东道国。首先,恐怖袭击对所有国家的境外直接投资流动、证券投资和债务存量产生了明显的不利影响,南亚、撒哈拉以南非洲和低收入国家的情况非常严重。这些结果是合理的,因为恐怖主义增加了投资的预期风险,降低了长期收益。实证结果进一步强调,在大多数情况下,军事支出有助于吸引东道国的资本流动。形成这种正向关系背后的原因在于:军事支出用于反恐,并有助于在短期内减少恐怖主义,从而降低风险。因此,正如估计结果所表明的,汇率、贸易全球化和贸易条件降低了全部样本的资本流入南亚、中东和北非、中等收入和低收入群体。研究结果与以前的文献一致,并解释说,国际一级的货币贬值、贸易开放和出口价格的竞争力可能是作出经济决策的重要宏观经济因素。此外,我们对制度因素的实证结果表明,政府效力、政府规模、货币的安全性与和政体（政治公信力）是投资决策的重要因素。例如,政府规模、资金安全和其他政治变量与样本国家资本流动的负相关关系说明政府支出、税收征收、金融市场发展过程中所出现的问题阻碍了资本流动,表明东道国市场可能存在一些有关税收、支出和金融市场发展等与经济自由度指标相关的问题。同样,政府效力、金融开放（资本限制）和稳定的政治环境有助于保持和吸引未来的资本流动。在讨论了恐怖主义对资本流动的作用之后,本文对区域资本外逃进行了更加具体和直接的分析,这也是本文的另一贡献。资本的非法或跨境流动被视为对经济的威胁,可能造成资本短缺问题,例如非洲和亚洲国家,伊朗、巴基斯坦、索马里、埃及、苏丹等。在资本外逃的实证模型中,我们以军事支出为政策变量,探究军事支出是否调节了恐怖主义对资本外逃的负面影响。分位数回归和系统GMM的实证估计提供了可靠性证据,证明发展中国家和受害国的恐怖主义和宏观经济不稳定造成了资本外逃问题。此外,有证据表明,军事支出可能被用作减少资本外逃的关键政策变量,但本文建议,军事支出的使用不应切断发展和教育方面的支出,因为这些支出被认为是更有成效的反恐政策。控制变量方面的结果表明,贸易全球化、货币贬值和政治不稳定是导致资本外逃的主要原因。实证结果表明,宏观经济稳定（通货膨胀、汇率、经济增长）以及政治政策和治理方面的政治稳定被视为缓解资本外逃的重要因素。总体而言,实证结果使我们能够得出创新性的结论,并制定有关控制资本流动和区域资本外逃的战略政策。这些发现可供样本国家的决策者、经济学家和个人投资者采取某些行动来吸引资本和进行投资。
Sogoba Souleymane[4]（2020）在《中国一带一路在西非国家经济共同体中的实施：挑战与前景》文中研究表明“一带一路”是中国共产党自2013年以来在当代舞台提出的愿景,并且是中国中央政府的地缘经济一体化计划和中国的对外开放和发展战略。“一带一路”是中国的全球连接项目,旨在包括各种路线,海,陆,空,铁网。因此,它的实施正在分别向所有国家,世界组织和国际机构,区域集团等发出呼吁,以参与、分享和受益于“一带一路”的预期目标。全球化的“一带一路”必须加紧全球贸易网络和基础设施建设,以进行国际转运,交换和连接。为了突破人地之间的障碍,它将战略经济区,工业和自然资源区连接起来。此外,它打算便利和促进在投资者区域和必要区域之间的外国投资。在发达国家和发展中国家之间建立全球友谊和伙伴关系,通过互惠互利,围绕双赢交流建立外交联系,也是有利的。“一带一路”是中国体现的全球化的经济和政治格局。因此,“一带一路”倡议将重组世界秩序和进程。“一带一路”正在围绕经济,政治,社会,文化,安全与和平建设塑造全球合作集群模式。因此,中国通过中非合作论坛进入非洲大陆的规模不断扩大,非洲2063年议程,非洲新伙伴关系,中国和西非经济共同体可以合作并共同建设“一带一路”来共同收益。西非经济共同体的区域经济和社会资源开发计划非常适合“一带一路”倡议。与此相关的是,本文着眼于中国在西非西非经济共同体的“一带一路”建设、“一带一路”实施的挑战以及西非经济共同体地区的前景。“一带一路”全球目标将是中国和西非经济共同体国家的共同机遇。研究中国支持投资,基础设施建设经验和技能,工业和技术拥有的经济和融资能力,并研究西非经济共同体国家对贸易、经济发展、基础设施的软硬需求,是农业和能源部门发展的最大需求和吸引力,在工业和技术进口方面,中国和西非经济共同体可以共同执行“一带一路”目标。之后,中国的“一带一路”倡议将为西非国家经济共同体的全球发展做出贡献,因此,西非国家经济共同体欢迎“一带一路”进入该地区。中国和西非经济共同体国家不仅将合作执行“一带一路”,而且还应共同面对以减轻相互受益的“一带一路”实施带来的挑战和风险。与此相关,他们必须塑造一些相互交流和理解的机制,以建立“一带一路”实施安全性、框架的结算和相互管理机制。按照这种逻辑,就可以更好地建设“一带一路”并实现其目标。“一带一路”不是利益的杂糅和利益的冲突,而是利益的契合、市场共享的开放、大规模的合作。
MUHWEZI BYARUGABA JOSEPH[5]（2020）在《对非国家行为者使用武力 ——乌干达恐怖主义的透视》文中研究说明在当今世界中,非国家行为者实施恐怖行为的活动日渐增长。本文旨在探讨《联合国宪章》（1945年）在此情形下使用武力和自卫行为的规定。随着国际恐怖主义的与日俱增,联合国已在联合国大会（UNGA）和联合国安全理事会（UNSC）层面上通过了各项决议。然而,目前似乎没有找到彻底打击恐怖主义的有效解决方案。在实际操作中,部分国家致力于防止恐怖主义的发生,但也有一些国家对此力不从心,还存在一些国家接纳甚至支持恐怖主义集团。故此,如何在实践层面上有效阻止恐怖主义的蔓延,目前仍然是联合国和整个国际社会的一大难题。在第一章,本文首先将讨论研究背景,现行法律面临的挑战以及为何在这种情况下仍然是打击恐怖主义的重大挑战。其次,介绍了研究问题、文献综述、本文采用的方法以及一般概述。关于对非国家行为者恐怖活动进行武力自卫的论述,本文将其分为四个部分。首先在第二章中探讨了《联合国宪章》中的条款,主要是第2（4）条和第51条,详细论述如何以国际习惯法为依据,如何应用这些条款、国际法院的判决以及学者的观点。其中,第2（4）条旨在严格禁止使用武力;而第51条则通过固有的自卫权为该项禁止规定了一个例外,并同时限制了适用的情形。本章着重强调的是,《联合国宪章》中的有关规定是针对国家而不是非国家行为者的。此外,本章还讨论了面对非国家行为者,何时可以将自卫攻击视为合法行为。第三章主要讨论了国家以及非国家行为者的责任,将关注的焦点置于恐怖分子和打击犯罪的其他国家的责任。在此基础上,分析了在“不愿和不能”的不同学说下非国家行为者之间的关系。进而,笔者重点论述了在受害国使用自卫权时,国家归属为何如此重要。此外,本章还讨论了基地组织（Al Qeada）对美国发动9·1 1袭击后,联合国在对有关自卫原则方面的态度与实践做法的变化,并讨论这些变化是否对国际法具有重要意义。第四章首先根据现有法律概念重新对恐怖主义作出修正性定义。其次,分析了乌干达境内恐怖主义发展史及其为履行联合国安全理事会各项决议（特别是1373号决议）,防止对其领土的进一步攻击而采取的反恐措施。而这些相关措施的有效性问题也在本文中得到了探讨。第五章将作为结论,对前几章中论述的内容进行总结。笔者重点分析并提出了可能的解决方案;同时,针对由非国家行为者持续不断的恐怖主义活动而引起的相应全球性影响,拟提出较有针对性的决策建议与应对措施。本文同样观点鲜明地指出,《联合国宪章》本身并不禁止对非国家行为者使用武力,但未被提及的这一事实并不排除受害国应当受到《联合国宪章》的保护,被禁止的应是受害国通过行使自卫权会侵犯其他国家的主权和完整。随着非国家行为者的攻击与日俱增,各国仍然希望行使其固有的自卫权。然而,这似乎不是像1945年《联合国宪章》生效之前那样简单。给予“对非国家行为者进行打击”这一行为以合法地位,要满足的条件相当苛刻,故而变得不太现实。某国的打击行为虽然可能满足了相关法律的部分条件,但会难以避免地侵犯东道国的权利。这是因为在大多数情况下,东道国与非国家行为者的活动是无关的。应当看到,乌干达既没有对非国家行为者的活动无动于衷,也没有无视自卫权利。其正在面临着该地区一些主要恐怖组织的暴力威胁,例如:设在索马里的“青年党”（与基地组织有关联）;以刚果民主共和国（DRC）为基地的盟军民主部队（ADF）;最初以乌干达为基地而现今在中非共和国（CAR）运作、部分又在刚果民主共和国的圣主抵抗军（LRA）。因此,本文将以乌干达为例,找出在适用现有法律打击恐怖主义时所面临的多重挑战中,各国可用于反恐的方法。
MEHRAN IDRIS KHAN[6]（2020）在《中巴环境法比较研究 ——执法与未来路径》文中进行了进一步梳理该研究概述了国内环境法和国际环境法的含义,特别着重于比较中国和巴基斯坦的发展状况,环境条件,立法,政策含义或执行机制。该研究讨论了有关国际或区域法律文书以及区域或全球环境问题。该研究方法采用定性方法来比较两国的环境法律及其关键要素,以促进其实施并实现今世后代可持续性地利用环境。该研究指出该地区国际、跨界和区域环境法的制定和实施在国家或地区之间差异很大。这些差异是由于每个区域集团内不同的经济环境,政治历史,文化态度和殖民影响所致。其反映了法律和政策方法的碎片化,致使该区域的环境法律和政策制度仍然不完整,并且鉴于环境无边界以及共同的责任,需要明确共同的生态目标。相比之下,美国-加拿大-墨西哥、挪威和比利时等世界其他地区在环境事务上彼此之间具有法律合作,例如通过将环境问题纳入其贸易协定以保持区域环境清洁和可持续。中国巴基斯坦经济走廊（CPEC）之下的大型基础设施和工业发展很可能会对巴基斯坦的环境产生全面影响,并且也可能以与该地区先前烟雾问题相同的方式影响中国。两国有必要突然开展法律合作,共同应对这些环境挑战。在这种情况下,作为邻国,中国和巴基斯坦有诸如CPEC的大型联合开发项目,因此有必要将保护环境作为共同的责任,以实现共同的生态目标。该研究旨在找出两国环境法律和政策的相对优势。通过了解环境政策的形成或含义,分析以前实践中的经验教训,并分析或讨论包括环境问题、导致环境管理问题的因素以及理解实施更好解决方案的障碍。研究结果有助于了解两国环境立法的政治或法律结构,并有助于解决与环境法实施和执行有关的问题,例如实施不力。该研究以有关环境的司法、社会、立法、行政和教育措施作为结论,随后提出了在两国有效实施环境法律和政策的适当建议。该研究还得出结论,尽管政府部门被赋予了更多的裁量权对违反环境规则者采取法律行动,但两国执法机构之间的效率差距是不可忽略的。建议加强环境税网,并在税网中考虑二氧化碳排放量因素。该研究还建议建立环境非政府组织,建立专门的环境部门、法院和法庭,在两国大学中开展交流计划,转让技术,例如生产可再生和清洁能源的技术,并从以下领域汲取经验:成功的法律影响和法律移植,环境律师的双边交流,改善环境知识以提高对污染的认知,加强公众参与以及环境公益诉讼,制定统一的商业法规并将环境方面作为基本理解贸易协定并将其转换为“优惠”贸易协定,为CPEC等联合大型项目开发具有气候适应力的基础设施,提高国内、区域和国际环境法、协定和条约之间的一致性,为监测、规划或管理以及影响评估活动而制定环境或气候变化政策以应对共同面临的环境（国内和跨界）挑战。
Martinez de Oliveira Jo（?）o Vitor[7]（2020）在《The Amazon Cooperation Treaty（ACTO） and the Brazilian Initiatives for the Preservation of the Rain Forest》文中研究说明1978年通过的《亚马逊合作条约》（TCA）汇集了南美十二个州中的八个州:巴西,玻利维亚,哥伦比亚,厄瓜多尔,圭亚那,秘鲁,苏里南和委内瑞拉。经过一段沉闷的时期后,2002年,成员国决定重新启动该项目,并成立了亚马逊合作条约组织（ACTO）。然而,建立政府间实体和常设秘书处并不能使泛亚马逊外交具有必要的活力。本文旨在分析导致TCA签署的原因以及刺激和降温ACTO行动的原因。尽管有关亚马逊合作体系的文献非常有限,但作者调查了与该主题有关的官方文件,书籍和文章。在这里,我们介绍了亚马逊合作条约组织（ACTO）与该地区和亚马逊大陆有关的倡议,以及巴西在合法亚马逊上的行动。为此,我们试图了解环境运动在国际体系中的发展,亚马逊热带雨林对世界的重要性以及其周围的国际利益,因此需要该地区国家之间的合作。国际研究组织以及ACTO和巴西政府的官方网页均对研究人员进行了基于书目研究的书目研究。这项分析的结果是,尽管ACTO的表现没有约束力和缓慢,但在社会,环境和经济方面为亚马逊取得了重要成果。
PRISCILLA CHARMAINE KWADE[8]（2020）在《生物技术政策的跨国融合 ——西非跨国性组织的对比分析》文中提出近年来,关于跨国政策趋同的研究日益增多,但对这一现象的理解仍然有限。本研究探索应对粮食危机的现有和未来监管方法以及当代转基因生物技术面临的主要挑战。本研究着眼于跨国合作的复杂性,并把握西非乃至整个非洲的创新技术,探讨政策趋同观察的有效性。本研究进一步表明生物技术政策一体化的必要性,或者说是更长远发展的必要性。理论上看,从政策趋同这一更宽泛的角度研究了生物技术管理中跨国合作的必要性。本研究所确定的政策趋同机制有四个因素,即国际协调、跨国沟通、管制竞争和其他国内因素。这项研究从经验上分析了西非如何以及在多大程度上实现生物技术政策的一体化。本研究并采用三角法（定性和定量）和便利的抽样方法,并采用利克特量表形式的问卷以及数据收集期间的访谈和观察的调查形式。使用RStudio对数据进行分析,并利用IBM-SPSS对人口统计学数据进行描述性支持。回归分析结果显示,各国间生物技术政策的趋同程度显着。造成这一现象的主要原因是国际协调、跨国通信以及国内因素,管制竞争并不能发挥作用。测试出的假设结果显示,除管制竞争外,所有因素的p值都是正相关关系,并表明促进或阻碍政策趋同的各种因素,包括但不限于文化、社会、社会经济、体制和政治问题。研究结论认为,必须针对这些因素对跨国政策趋同提出实证和理论建议。
王怡璇[9]（2020）在《语义翻译和交际翻译指导下的联合国文献翻译 ——以《年鉴快车1987》为例》文中研究指明彼得·纽马克是当代英国翻译理论界中举足轻重的人物,他提出语义翻译和交际翻译的观点。语义翻译指译者仅受目的语语义和句法层面的限制,再现原作者的准确语境意义,而交际翻译更加重视译文读者的阅读效果。纽马克的这一观点实用性强,在翻译实践中影响深远。因此,笔者选用纽马克的语义翻译和交际翻译对译文进行分析。联合国作为世界上最大的国际组织,协调各国行动,维护世界和平,重视为各会员国构建良好的沟通渠道,文件和出版物均以六种官方语言在世界范围内发布。苏州大学作为联合国文件翻译基地,自2010年以来与联合国新闻部合作,每年都会翻译数十万字的《年鉴快车》。该文本文体正式、内容复杂,给译者带来巨大挑战。笔者以《年鉴快车1987》的翻译为例,通过将个人稿与老师提交联合国的终稿进行对比,以彼得·纽马克的语义翻译和交际翻译为指导,从词汇、句子、语篇三个层面选取译例进行分析,以期能为联合国文献翻译实践提供有益参考。本报告首先介绍了翻译项目的背景、《年鉴快车》的特点及报告的理论框架;接着对翻译过程以及翻译中遇到的难点进行描述。在作为报告主干的案例分析部分,作者在语义翻译和交际翻译的指导下,结合具体译例从词汇、句子、语篇三个层面探讨分析了适用的翻译方法。为了在词汇和句法层面忠实通顺再现原文语义,译者可灵活选择多种翻译方法,如选词选义、增译、省译、转换、拆分等忠实通顺地再现原文。在语篇层面上,译者可通过巧用逻辑词或代词实现衔接,通过语式等的一致实现连贯。最后,作者对整个翻译实践进行了总结。译者可根据原文本和表达效果的需要,合理运用语义翻译和交际翻译,忠实、通顺且明确地传达原文意思。
Assefa Leake Gebru[10]（2020）在《非洲之角的地区和平与安全 ——伊加特面临的挑战与中国参与带来的机遇》文中认为该研究首先关注的是非洲之角区域和平与安全的区域机制。该地区具有重要的地缘政治意义,它连接着大陆与中东、欧洲和亚洲。该区域还以政治不稳定和经济困难交织在一起的问题而闻名。为了解决这些问题,该区域的政府机构恢复了东非政府间发展组织伊加特（IGAD）的活力,并授权它处理和平与安全问题。这项研究首先研究了伊加特在实现和平与安全的努力中所面临的挑战和取得的成就,其次研究了伊加特进行建设性转变的可能性与机遇。这一部分的研究理论框架是区域安全情结与冲突转化理论,前者用来描述和分析区域安全的来龙去脉和相互依存问题,后者则根据现有的动态、关系和中国对地区形势的参与,设想变革的机会。相对的,该研究以索马里和苏丹为例,回顾和分析了伊加特的工作机制,包括冲突预警机制和安全部门计划等举措。该研究发现,尽管在一些大国和国际组织的支持下,伊加特取得了一些工作成效,但同时也可以看到,伊加特为可持续和平与安全所做的努力受到几个因素的影响,包括财政和人力资源短缺、国家政治的性质、成员的国家安全概念、缺乏执行机制等。基于实证分析,该研究也提出了一些改变的机会。该地区正面临着积极变革的机会之窗,这可以从最近大多数成员国的政治变化、伊加特自身与相关利益相关者合作的经验以及联合国对地区冲突的大量关注中看出。同样,该地区重新焕发的地缘政治重要性要求大国参与安全事务,比如美国和中国。这些积极的事态发展将对伊加特的运作产生积极的推动作用。中国与伊加特所有成员国的友好外交关系、其区域经济和安全交往、其战略定位以及其软实力（经济模式）可以成为改变该地区的重要机遇。地区动态以及中国对该地区安全和经济格局的影响是实现伊加特和平与安全努力的必要条件。例如,中国的双边方法和与该地区的所有国家经济关系以及非干预外交政策原则,其在该地区安全事务的参与（如解决索马里沿海地区的海盗,并越来越多地参与联合国在该地区发起的维持和平行动）,对于推动伊加特的运作都有着重要的作用。此外,2005年以来,中国支持苏丹与南苏丹和解进程,协助解决两国各自的不稳定问题,都为地区和平稳定作出了重要贡献。中国参与索马里和南苏丹冲突后重建,并提出厄立特里亚与吉布提调停的提议,虽然现在加以深度分析为时尚早,但仍然可视为地区安全探索的机遇。最重要的是,中国的一带一路倡议旨在通过非洲之角连接非洲大陆,从中可以得出几个启示:中国将进一步重振对该地区安全问题的关注和贡献,这也可以看做是对伊加特现有工作的补充。如果一带一路倡议得以实现,帮助解决该区域基础设施困境的机会将会增加,而这将有助于促进区域内贸易,并使一些暴力因素失去效力。因此,伊加特成员国需要把中国的安全和经济参与作为转型的背景。例如,吉布提已经成为一个巨大的经济中心,基础设施与埃塞俄比亚相连,肯尼亚和埃塞俄比亚的基础设施和工业区正在改善,所有这些都是与中国合作完成的。这些改进对解决区域问题具有影响。同样,伊加特需要利用中国在索马里和南苏丹冲突后的和平建设和重建努力,以及中国在吉布提的军事设施作为地区冲突转型的投入。此外,伊加特需要重点关注冲突转变和预防性努力,以应对剩余的安全威胁。
二、Transnational Operation—Aim of the CATIC Group（论文开题报告）
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三、Transnational Operation—Aim of the CATIC Group（论文提纲范文）
（1）后冷战时代小国在国际政治中的角色演变 ——孟加拉国和新加坡的案例研究（论文提纲范文）
| Abstract |
| Acknowledgements |
| Abbreviations and Acronyms |
| Chapter 1:Introduction |
| 1.1.Background |
| 1.2.Literature Review |
| 1.2.1.Small States in the Post-Cold War International Politics |
| 1.2.2.Global Institutions and Small States |
| 1.2.3.Regional Organizations and Small States |
| 1.2.4.Bangladesh as a Small State: Status and Contributions |
| 1.2.5.Singapore as a Small State:Status and Contributions |
| 1.3.Gaps in the Existing Literatures |
| 1.4.Research Questions |
| 1.4.1.Central Research Question |
| 1.4.2.Secondary Research Questions |
| 1.5.Statement of Hypothesis |
| 1.6.Variables of the Study |
| 1.7.Relationship among the Variables |
| 1.8.Research Objectives |
| 1.9.Research Design |
| 1.9.1.Methodology of the Study |
| 1.9.2.Data Collection Techniques |
| 1.9.3.Approach of Data Analysis and Presentation |
| 1.10.Limitations of the Study |
| 1.11.Organization of the Dissertation |
| Chapter 2:Conceptual and Theoretical Frameworks |
| 2.1.Conceptual Tools |
| 2.1.1.Small State |
| 2.1.2.International Institution: Global and Regional |
| 2.1.3.Region, Regionalism and Regional Organization |
| 2.1.4.Geopolitics |
| 2.1.5.Geoeconomics |
| 2.2. Theoretical Frameworks |
| 2.2.1.Neo-realism |
| 2.2.2.Neoliberal Institutionalism |
| Chapter 3:Historical Account of International Politics and the Role of Small States: From the Cold War to the Post-Cold War Developments |
| 3.1.Expansion of Global Institutions |
| 3.2.Progress of Regional Organizations |
| 3.3.Evolving Role of Small States |
| Chapter 4:Significance of Geopolitical and Geoeconomic attributes of Small States in the Light of the Post-Cold War Developments of International Politics |
| 4.1.Significance of Geopolitical and Geoeconomic Factors for Small States |
| 4.2.Bangladesh as a Small State and its Foreign Policy Principles |
| 4.3.Geopolitical and Geoeconomic Significance of Bangladesh |
| 4.3.1.Geographical Characteristics of Bangladesh |
| 4.3.2.Geopolitical Significance of Bangladesh |
| 4.3.3.Geoeconomic Significance of Bangladesh |
| 4.4.Inputs of Bangladesh' Geopolitical and Geoeconomic Attributes to its Foreign Policy |
| 4.5.Singapore as a Small State and its Foreign Policy Principles |
| 4.6.Geopolitical and Geoeconomic Significance of Singapore |
| 4.6.1.Geographical Characteristics of Singapore |
| 4.6.2.Geopolitical Significance of Singapore |
| 4.6.3.Geoeconomic Significance of Singapore |
| 4.7.Inputs of Singapore's Geopolitical and Geoeconomic Attributes to its Foreign Policy |
| Chapter 5:Significance of Global Institutions for Small States in the Post-Cold War Era |
| 5.1.Significance of Global Institutions for Small States |
| 5.2.The Case Study of Bangladesh |
| 5.3.The Case Study of Singapore |
| Chapter 6:Significance of Regional Organizations for Small States in the Post-Cold War Era |
| 6.1.Significance of Regional Organizations for Small States |
| 6.2.Bangladesh in SAARC: A Small State's Imperative |
| 6.3.Singapore in ASEAN: A Small State's Champion |
| Chapter 7:Major Findings of the Study |
| Chapter 8:Conclusion and Implications of the Study |
| APPENDIX1 AREA,POPULATION,GDP AND MILITARY EXPENDITURE BY COUNTRY IM SOUTH ASIA |
| APPENDIX2 AREA,POPULATION,GDP AND MILITARY EXPENDITURE BY COUNTRY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA |
| APPENDIX3 REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS(1945-2010) |
| References |
| 学位论文评阅及答辩情况表 |
（2）New Developments and Challenges in the UN Norms on Human Rights Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations（论文提纲范文）
| I.Historical Evolution of the Human Rights Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations by the United States |
| A.The compromise of simplifying the codification of treaties into the formulation of principles |
| B.The new development:from the soft law“guiding principles”to treaty obligation |
| II.New Changes of the UN Norms on Human Rights Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and the Causes |
| A.Full integration into the framework of binding international human rights law |
| B.Strengthen the state obligations to regulate transnational corporations |
| C.Emphasize the human rights obligation of the mother country to regulate transnational corporations |
| III.New Challenges for the United Nations to Regulate the Human Rights Responsibilities of Transnational corporations |
| A.Challenges at the level of the national interest |
| B.Challenges at the level of domestic legal systems |
| C.Challenges in the theoretical and institutional aspects of extraterritorial human rights obligations |
（3）The Impacts of New Terrorism on Capital Movement ——Empirical Evidence from Regional Analysis（论文提纲范文）
| Acknowledgement |
| 摘要 |
| Abstract |
| Thesis Highlights |
| Chapter 1: Introduction |
| 1.1 Study Background |
| 1.1.1 Worldwide Terrorism Outlook |
| 1.1.2 Global terror financing |
| 1.2 Key terms and Definitions |
| 1.2.1 New and Old terrorism |
| 1.2.2 Domestic and Transnational Terrorism |
| 1.2.3 Formal and legal capital flows |
| 1.2.4 Informal and Illicit capital |
| 1.3 Objectives and Contribution of Study |
| 1.4 The Methodology in Brief |
| 1.5 Study Area, Scope and Hypotheses |
| 1.6 Structure of Thesis |
| Chapter 2: Review of Literature |
| 2.1 Conceptual Issue |
| 2.1.1 Economic and Financial Globalization |
| 2.2 Terrorism goes Global: Historical Perspective |
| 2.3 Studies on Terrorism and Capital Movement |
| 2.4 Terrorism and Military expenditures Nexus |
| 2.5 Studies about Terrorism, Trade and Political stability |
| 2.6 Studies on terrorism and Economic Growth |
| 2.7 Literature Highlights and Comments |
| Chapter 3: Theoretical Foundation and Model |
| 3.1 Investment Growth Model |
| 3.2 Measuring the Capital flight |
| 3.2.1 External Debt stocks |
| 3.2.2 Foreign direct investments |
| 3.2.3 Current account balance |
| 3.2.4 Change in foreign reserves |
| 3.3 Theories on Capital Movement |
| 3.3.1 Explaining Capital flows and Capital flight |
| 3.3.2 Neoclassical theories |
| 3.3.3 Investment Diversion theory |
| 3.3.4 Debt Driven Capital flight thesis (Capital flight trap) |
| 3.3.5 Tax-Depressing Narrative |
| 3.4 Terrorism affects Capital flows: Mediating Effects |
| 3.4.1 How Terrorism affects capital flight |
| 3.4.2 Macroeconomic instability and capital movement |
| 3.4.3 Political instability and capital flight:Mediating effects |
| 3.5 Theoretical and Analytical Framework |
| 3.5.1 Analytical Framework |
| 3.6 Chapter Summary |
| Chapter 4: Stylized Facts of Terrorism and Capital flow |
| 4.1 Overview of Terrorism |
| 4.1.1 Pre & Post 9/11 attacks and World Economy |
| 4.2 Economic cost of Terrorism |
| 4.3 Regional trends of Terrorism |
| 4.4 Role of Military expenditures |
| 4.5 Capital Flows and Economic instability |
| 4.6 Legal and illegal Financial flows |
| 4.6.2 Regional Capital Flight |
| 4.7 Chapter Summary |
| Chapter 5: Methodology and Empirical analysis:Terrorism and Capital flows |
| 5.1 Data Processing and Variables |
| 5.1.1 Variables specification |
| 5.2 Materials and Methods |
| 5.2.1 Estimation strategy |
| 5.2.2 Panel Unit root testing |
| 5.2.3 Panel Quantile Regressions |
| 5.2.4 Generalized method of moments |
| 5.3 Empirical Results |
| 5.3.1 Pairwise correlation analysis |
| 5.3.2 Baseline Results of Full-Sample |
| 5.4 Empirical results for Sub-Samples (Regional and income level) |
| 5.4.1 Terrorism affects for South Asia |
| 5.4.2 Empirical results for Sub-Sahara African countries |
| 5.4.3 Empirical results for MENA countries |
| 5.4.4 Empirical results for Asia pacific countries |
| 5.4.5 Empirics for Income level analysis |
| 5.4.6 Empirical results with time lagged effect |
| 5.5 Robustness testing and Discussion |
| 5.6 Chapter Summary |
| Chapter 6: Terrorism Effects on Capital flight: Empirical results |
| 6.1 Capital flight Data and Descriptive Statistics |
| 6.1.1 Capital Flight Measurement |
| 6.2 The Modelling and Estimation Strategy |
| 6.2.1 Robust analysis |
| 6.3 Pairwise Correlation analysis and Full specification empirics |
| 6.3.1 Full specification Empirics |
| 6.3.2 Terrorism-capital flight effects for South Asia |
| 6.3.3 Terrorism-capital flight effects for Sub-Sahara African |
| 6.3.4 Terrorism-capital flight effects for MENA |
| 6.3.5 Terrorism-capital flight effects for Asia pacific |
| 6.3.6 Time lagged effects |
| 6.4 Income level analysis |
| 6.4.1 High Income Countries |
| 6.4.2 Middle Income Countries |
| 6.4.3 Low Income Countries |
| 6.5 Discussion of findings |
| 6.6 Chapter Summary |
| Chapter 7: Concluding Remarks and Policy implications |
| 7.1 Concluding Remarks |
| 7.2 Academic Contribution |
| 7.3 Policy implications |
| 7.4 Limitations and future direction |
| Appendices of Thesis |
| References |
| Research Papers Published |
| Awards |
| 学位论文评阅及答辩情况表 |
（4）中国一带一路在西非国家经济共同体中的实施：挑战与前景（论文提纲范文）
| Dedications |
| 摘要 |
| Abstract |
| Abbreviations |
| 1. Introduction |
| 1.1 Background |
| 1.2 Literature Review |
| 1.3 Research questions |
| 1.4 Research Objectives |
| 1.5 Theoretical Framework |
| 1.6 Research Methodology |
| 1.7 Significance of the Study |
| 1. China and African's cooperation Roots Prerequisites to OBOR |
| 1.1. China's Contemporary Foreign Policy Guideline |
| 1.2. China-Africa Interactions in Historical Process |
| 1.3. China-African Cooperation Forehead OBOR Framework |
| 2. Processes of ECOWAS Economic and Politic Integration |
| 2.1. ECOWAS Inception and Functioning |
| 2.2. ECOWAS Cooperation Instruments and Objective |
| 2.3. ECOWAS Stakeholders |
| 2.4. ECOWAS Economic and Development Projects |
| 2.5. ECOWAS Security Architecture and Mechanism |
| 3. China's OBOR Implementation in ECOWAS area |
| 3.1. OBOR Implementation and Compatibility Framework |
| 3.2. China's OBOR Agenda |
| 3.3. OBOR Implementation Impacts |
| 3.4. OBOR Contributions and Opportunities to both Partners |
| 3.5. OBOR as Sustainable Development in ECOWAS area |
| 4. China's OBOR Challenges in ECOWAS Area |
| 4.1. Insecurity and Peace implications in OBOR Implementation |
| 4.2 ECOWAS under the Shadow of Globalisation |
| 4.3. Struggles of Domination Risks for OBOR in ECOWAS area |
| 4.4. Detractors' Refutation |
| 4.5. Perspectives |
| 5. Conclusion and Suggestion |
| 5.1 Conclusion |
| 5.2 Suggestions |
| Acknowledgements |
| Bibliography |
（5）对非国家行为者使用武力 ——乌干达恐怖主义的透视（论文提纲范文）
| 摘要 |
| Abstract |
| List of Abbreviations |
| Chapter 1 Introduction |
| 1.1 Background |
| 1.2 Research question |
| 1.3 Literature Review |
| 1.4 Methodology |
| 1.5 Thesis Overview |
| Chapter 2 Use of Force and The UN Charter |
| 2.1 The Doctrine of Self-Defense |
| 2.2 What is an "Armed Attack" |
| 2.3 Legality of Use of Force |
| 2.4 Collective Self-Defence |
| 2.5 Necessity and Proportionality |
| 2.5.1 Necessity |
| 2.5.2 Proportionality |
| 2.6 Conclusion |
| Chapter 3 State Responsibility and Non-State Actors |
| 3.1 Relationship between States and non-State actors |
| 3.2 Unwilling and Unable States |
| 3.3 Developing Changes Towards Terrorism |
| 3.3.1 Changes at The UN |
| 3.3.2 Developments within the International Court |
| 3.3.3 Reactions from Scholars |
| 3.3.4 Reactions from International Organisation |
| 3.4 Terrorism.and Anticipatory Self-Defence |
| 3.5 Conclusion |
| Chapter 4 Uganda and the Fight Against Non-State Actors |
| 4.1 Terrorism in General |
| 4.2 What is Terrorism? |
| 4.3 Background of Terrorism in Uganda |
| 4.3.1 Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) |
| 4.3.2 Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) |
| 4.3.3 Al Shabaab |
| 4.4 Counter Terrorism Measures |
| 4.4.1 Legislative measures |
| 4.4.2 Enforcement Measures |
| 4.5 Intelligence Approach |
| 4.6 Military Approach |
| 4.7 Diplomatic Approach |
| Chapter 5 Conclusion |
| 参考文献 |
| 致谢 |
（6）中巴环境法比较研究 ——执法与未来路径（论文提纲范文）
| CHINESE ABSTRACT |
| ABSTRACT |
| CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION |
| 1.1. Background of the Study |
| 1.2. Why Compare Environmental Laws of Pakistan and China? |
| 1.3. Hypothesis |
| 1.4. Research Problem |
| 1.5. Research Question (s) |
| 1.6. Aims and Objectives of the Study |
| 1.7. Research Methodology |
| 1.8. The Significance and Scope of the Study |
| 1.9. Outline of the Thesis |
| CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK |
| 2.1. The Environment Law and International Law |
| 2.2. Environmental Policies and Criteria for its Evaluation |
| 2.3. The Development of International and Regional Environmental Laws |
| 2.4. Enforcement Mechanisms of Environmental Laws |
| 2.4.1. Enforcement Mechanism and its Different Kinds |
| 2.4.2. The United Nations and Enforcement Mechanisms |
| 2.4.3. Environmental Law and Enforcement Mechanisms |
| 2.4.4. Environmental Mechanisms and Policies in Pakistan |
| 2.4.5. China's Environmental Policies and Mechanisms |
| 2.5. Legal Challenges in Enforcing Environmental Laws Across the Boarders |
| 2.5.1. Transboundary Environmental Harm and Cluster-litigation |
| 2.5.2. Access to Domestic and Human Rights Courts |
| 2.5.3. Forums of Inter-state Claims |
| 2.5.4. Non-Judicial Fora |
| 2.5.5. Limited Scope of the Applicable Law |
| 2.6. A Need for Regional Legal Cooperation in Environmental Issus |
| 2.6.1. A Reference from other Regional Cooperation in Environmental Matters |
| 2.6.2. International Trade, International Law, and Environmental Concerns |
| 2.6.3. Legal Grounds of Bilateral Cooperation Concerning TransboundaryEnvironmental Issues |
| 2.6.4. Establishing a Close Connection between Environmental Protection and Trade |
| 2.6.5. Building National, Regional and Global Environmental Networks |
| 2.7. Conclusion |
| CHAPTER 3 ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES AND CURRENT PRACTICES INPAKISTAN |
| 3.1. Introduction |
| 3.2. Key Environmental Challenges and their Impacts in Pakistan |
| 3.2.1. An Era of Environmental Unawareness |
| 3.2.2. Issues Concerning Water Resources and Pollution |
| 3.2.3. Energy Issues and Current Situation in Pakistan |
| 3.2.4. Pollution and Waste Management |
| 3.2.5. Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management |
| 3.2.6. Transboundary Environmental Issues |
| 3.2.7. Climate Change and Variability |
| 3.2.8. EIA and Challenges Faced by Legal Consultants in Pakistan |
| 3.2.9. Climate Change Effects on Key Sectors of Pakistan |
| 3.3. National Environmental Priorities for Action in Pakistan |
| 3.3.1. Past Environmental Records |
| 3.3.2. Environment-Related Information Needs |
| 3.3.3. Key Environment(al) (Performance) Indicators |
| 3.3.4. Capacity Building for the Environment |
| 3.3.5. Social Action Project on Environment; Environmental Awareness andEducation |
| 3.3.6. Billion Tree Tsunami Afforestation Project in Pakistan |
| 3.4. Environmental Policy, Legislative, and Institutional Frameworks in Pakistan |
| 3.4.1. Environmental Management Policies in Pakistan |
| 3.4.2. Establishment of Environmental Tribunals, Green Benches, and SustainableDevelopment Fund in Pakistan |
| 3.4.3. EIA in Pakistan |
| 3.4.4. Carbon Emissions Scheme in Pakistan |
| 3.5. Recommendations to Implement Environmental Policies More Efficiently |
| 3.5.1. Enhance and Facilitate the Environmental Education |
| 3.5.2. Provision of Basic Sanitation and Access to Clean Water for All |
| 3.5.3. Consider Energy Efficiency as Pivot of NEP |
| 3.5.4. Monitoring Urban Air Pollution |
| 3.5.5. Public-private Partnerships for Cleaner Production |
| 3.5.6. Emission Control and Trading Scheme |
| 3.5.7. Transboundary Environment Management |
| 3.6. Conclusion |
| CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES AND CURRENT PRACTICES INCHINA |
| 4.1. Introduction |
| 4.2. Effects and Limitations of Environmental Challenges in China |
| 4.2.1. History of Environmental Pollution in China |
| 4.2.2. China's Environmental Health Challenges |
| 4.2.3. Impacts of Air Pollution in China |
| 4.2.4. Limitation of the Study of China's Environmental Regulatory System |
| 4.3. How Does China Treat Emissions? |
| 4.3.1. Emissions Targets |
| 4.3.2. Emission Trading Scheme in China |
| 4.3.3. The Chinese Certified Emission Reduction |
| 4.3.4. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification |
| 4.3.5. Environmental Impact Assessments in China |
| 4.3.6. Environmental Insurance |
| 4.4. Establishment of Environmental Courts and Ministries |
| 4.4.1. Establishment of Ministry of Environmental Protection |
| 4.4.2. Creation of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment |
| 4.4.3. Creation of Specialised Environmental Courts |
| 4.5. Measures Taken to Enforce Environmental Laws and Counter EnvironmentalChallenges |
| 4.5.1. Environmental Laws and Standards |
| 4.5.2. China's New Environmental Protection Law |
| 4.5.3. Environmental Regulatory Framework |
| 4.5.4. Environmental NGOs in China |
| 4.5.5. Environmental Police Force |
| 4.5.6. The Environmental Protection Tax Law |
| 4.6. Criticism and Recommendations |
| 4.6.1. No Tax on CO2 Emissions Included in the newly amended EPL |
| 4.6.2. No Punishment for the Government Personnel on Their Failure |
| 4.6.3. Key Failings of the SO_2 Emissions Trading Market |
| 4.6.4. How Can the New EPL Be Implemented Even Better? |
| 4.7. Conclusion |
| CHAPTER 5 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION,ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS AND CURRENT PRACTICES IN CHINA ANDPAKISTAN |
| 5.1. Introduction |
| 5.2. Environmental Legislation and Enforcement Mechanisms in China |
| 5.2.1. Environmental Management Rules in China |
| 5.2.2. Public Interest Litigation in China |
| 5.2.3. The Chinese Institutional Setup and Enforcement Mechanisms |
| 5.3. Environmental Legislation and Enforcement Mechanisms in Pakistan |
| 5.3.1. Existing Environmental Legislation |
| 5.3.2. Environmental related Institutions in Pakistan |
| 5.4. Transboundary Environmental Law in the Context of International Law |
| 5.4.1. Approaches to Customary International Law and Transboundary EnvironmentalHarms |
| 5.4.2. International Law and Pertinent Decisions of International Tribunals |
| 5.4.3. International Treaties and Protocols |
| 5.4.4. The Comparative Law Functions and its Relevance with InternationalEnvironmental Law |
| 5.4.5. From National to International--Topical Trends in Environmental Liabilityfrom Comparative and International Law Perspectives |
| 5.5. Comparative Discussion and Analysis |
| 5.5.1. Public Participation in Environmental Matters |
| 5.5.2. Environmental Impact Assessment System in China and Pakistan |
| 5.5.3. Carbon Emission Schemes in China |
| 5.5.4. Carbon Emissions Schemes in Pakistan |
| 5.5.5. Sustainable Development and the Role of ASEAN in the RegionalEnvironmental Law Perspective |
| 5.5.6. The Role of Judiciary in Environmental Matters in China and Pakistan |
| 5.5.7. Transboundary Environmental Issues and Pertinent (Regional) Legislation |
| 5.5.8. The Development of International and Regional Environmental Laws |
| 5.5.9. Increasing Consistency between Domestic Environmental Legislation andInternational Trade Law |
| 5.5.10. Legal Grounds of Bilateral Cooperation Concerning TransboundaryEnvironmental Issues |
| 5.5.11. Economic Concerns and Development of Environmental Laws |
| 5.5.12. Policy Transfer and Lesson Drawing--Legal Cooperation |
| 5.6. Conclusion |
| CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS |
| 6.1. Concluding Remarks |
| 6.2. Recommendations |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY |
| BOOKS |
| JOURNAL ARTICLES |
| OTHER RESOURCES |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT |
| LIST OF ACADEMIC PAPERS PUBLISHED DURING THE COURSE OF A (PHD)DEGREE |
| 学位论文评阅及答辩情况表 |
（7）The Amazon Cooperation Treaty（ACTO） and the Brazilian Initiatives for the Preservation of the Rain Forest（论文提纲范文）
| 摘要 |
| Abstract |
| Introduction |
| Background |
| Literature review |
| 1 The Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) |
| 1.1 The Amazon |
| 1.2 The Amazon Cooperation Treaty |
| 2 The Amazon Environment on an International view |
| 2.1 The peoples of the Amazon:indigenous communities in the process of Amazonianintegration |
| 3 The Role of National, International and Civil Society Organizations |
| 3.1 Brazil's government |
| 3.2 Brazilian North States' Government |
| 3.3 Local government and Amazon Fund |
| 3.4 The International government and civil society organizations |
| 3.5 International cooperation and its relevance |
| 3.6 Brazilian non-governmental organizations |
| 3.6.1 The Brazilian Amazon, a field of dispute and transnational interests |
| 3.6.2 Militant vs. Military opposition developments |
| 3.6.3 Environmentalism and governance in the Amazon |
| 3.6.4 NGOs, programs, networks and Amazonas |
| 3.6.5 Internationalization, cooperation, sovereignty and security |
| 3.6.6 The internationalization of the Amazon and its paradoxes |
| 3.6.7 Amazonize the world? Internationalize the Amazon? |
| 3.7 The declaration of principles on forests |
| 3.8 The Amazon forest |
| 3.8.1 The Geopolitics of the Amazon |
| 3.8.2 The Internationalization of the Amazon |
| 3.8.3 Threats to Amazonian Biodiversity |
| 4 The Amazon cooperation treaty organization:Programs and actions |
| 4.1 Brazilian initiatives |
| 4.1.1 Central government initiatives |
| 4.1.2 Local government initiative-ARPA |
| 4.1.3 Population initiatives |
| 4.2 The Amazon Cooperation Treaty (TCA) |
| 4.3 Organization of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty |
| 4.4 ACTO'S initiatives for the preservation of the Amazon forest |
| 4.5 Problems related to Amazon forest preservation |
| CONCLUSION |
| References |
（8）生物技术政策的跨国融合 ——西非跨国性组织的对比分析（论文提纲范文）
| 摘要 |
| ABSTRACT |
| ABBREVIATIONS |
| CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION |
| 1.1. Background of study |
| 1.1.1. Distribution of Gm crops in developed and developing countries |
| 1.1.2. Current status of biotech crops in Africa |
| 1.1.3. West African Agricultural Policies in retrospect |
| 1.2. Problem Statement |
| 1.3. Research Questions |
| 1.4. Objectives of the research |
| 1.5. Significance of the study |
| 1.6 Scope of the study |
| 1.7 Proposed structure of the research |
| CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW |
| 2.1. A Governance Change- mutual problems requires mutual actions |
| 2.2. Integrative Approach |
| 2.3. Policy Convergence and Diffusion of Policies |
| 2.3.1. Policy Convergence |
| 2.3.2. Diffusion of Policies |
| 2.4. Supranational entities as information and innovation structures hubs and networks |
| 2.5. Different Reaction of Convergence Explained |
| 2.6 Hierarchical longitudinal convergence analysis |
| CHAPTER THREE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK |
| 3.1. Convergence studies-norms, limitations and methodological problems |
| 3.2. Conceptual Framework |
| 3.2.1. The four mechanisms impacting policy convergence |
| 3.2.2. Perceived Transnational or International Harmonization |
| 3.2.3. Perceived Transnational or Multinational Communication |
| 3.2.4. Perceived Regulatory Competition |
| 3.2.5. Other Perceived Domestic factors |
| 3.3. Measurement of convergence |
| 3.4. Hypotheses Development |
| 3.5. Conclusion |
| CHAPTER FOUR METHODOLOGY |
| 4.1. Background Recap |
| 4.2. Data Selection Criteria |
| 4.2.1. Research Population and Sampling Method |
| 4.2.2. Research Instrument |
| 4.2.3 Data collection, procedure and storage |
| 4.3. Measurement of Variables |
| 4.3.1. Perceived International Harmonization |
| 4.3.2. Perceived Transnational Communication |
| 4.3.3. Perceived Regulatory Competition |
| 4.3.4. Perceived Domestic Factors |
| 4.3.5. Control Variables |
| 4.4. Data Preparation and Quality Assurance |
| 4.4.1. Data collation and Presentation |
| 4.4.2. Data analysis techniques |
| 4.5. The science of Regression Analysis |
| 4.5.1. Evaluation of Multiple Linear Regression in RStudio |
| 4.6. Data quality and expected limitations |
| 4.7. Ethical consideration |
| 4.8. Chapter Summary |
| CHAPTER FIVE DATA ANALYSIS |
| 5.1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF THE SURVEY |
| 5.2. Objectives of the regional/country survey |
| 5.2.1. Demographic characteristics of the sample |
| 5.2.2. Multicollinearity |
| 5.3. Descriptive results of multi-item concepts |
| 5.3.1.Reliability and validity |
| 5.3.2 Discriminant Analysis |
| 5.4. Correlation analysis |
| 5.5. Multiple linear regression analysis |
| 5.6. Evaluating the Quality of the Model |
| 5.7. Model Diagnostics |
| 5.7.1. Residuals vs Fitted |
| 5.7.2. Q-Q Plots |
| 5.7.3. Scale-Location |
| 5.7.4. Residuals vs Leverage |
| CHAPTER SIX DISCUSSION |
| 6.1 Perceived International harmonization |
| 6.2 Perceived Transnational communication |
| 6.3 Perceived Regulatory competition |
| 6.4 Perceived Domestic factors |
| CHAPTER SEVEN STUDYING BIOTECHNOLOGY POLICY CONVERGENCE IN THEECOWAS |
| 7.1 Introduction |
| 7.1.1 Development in Africa: The pursuit of happiness? |
| 7.1.2 Is regional integration in Africa necessary? |
| 7.1.3 Sustainable Research and Development: Cooperation in Science, Technology andEnergy |
| 7.2 The biotechnology contention in the region |
| 7.2.1 Conceptualizing the role of the SNOs in Biosafety regulation processes |
| 7.3 Feedback from the organizations and Stakeholders |
| 7.4 Clash of the titans: the comparisons and dissimilarities between the four organisations |
| 7.4.1 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) |
| 7.4.2 New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and African Union (AU) |
| 7.5 Chapter Conclusion |
| CHAPTER EIGHT SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS |
| 8.1. Considering multiple mechanisms and Policy Implication for Policymakers andStakeholders |
| 8.2 The test of diffusion of policy in the ECOWAS |
| 8.3. Academic Contribution of the Research |
| 8.4. Limitation of the study |
| 8.5. Recommendation for future research |
| REFERENCES |
| APPENDICES |
| APPENDIX Ⅰ |
| APPENDIX Ⅱ |
| APPENDIX Ⅲ DATA GATHERING LOG |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT |
| 附件 |
（9）语义翻译和交际翻译指导下的联合国文献翻译 ——以《年鉴快车1987》为例（论文提纲范文）
| Acknowledgements |
| Abstract |
| 摘要 |
| Chapter 1 Task Description |
| 1.1 Project Background |
| 1.2 Features of the Yearbook Express |
| 1.3 Theoretical Framework |
| Chapter 2 Task Implementation |
| 2.1 Process of Task Implementation |
| 2.1.1 Pre-translation Stage |
| 2.1.2 While-translation Stage |
| 2.1.3 After-translation Stage |
| 2.2 Difficulties in the Translation |
| 2.2.1 Terminology |
| 2.2.2 Polysemy |
| 2.2.3 Long and Complex Sentences |
| 2.2.4 Post-modifiers |
| Chapter 3 Case Analysis |
| 3.1 At the Lexical Level |
| 3.1.1 Diction |
| 3.1.2 Addition |
| 3.1.3 Omission |
| 3.2 At the Syntactic Level |
| 3.2.1 Conversion |
| 3.2.2 Division |
| 3.3 At the Discourse Level |
| 3.3.1 Cohesion |
| 3.3.2 Coherence |
| Chapter 4 Conclusion |
| References |
| Appendix |
（10）非洲之角的地区和平与安全 ——伊加特面临的挑战与中国参与带来的机遇（论文提纲范文）
| 摘要 |
| abstract |
| Acronyms |
| Introduction |
| Background and Motivation |
| Research Question |
| Literature Review |
| Theoretical Framework |
| Research Methodology |
| Research Significance and Justification |
| Layout |
| Chapter One IGAD sub-Region as Security Complex:Survey of State Politics and Relations |
| 1.1 Introduction |
| 1.2 Pre-colonial and Colonial Politics in the Horn of Africa Region |
| 1.3 Postcolonial and Contemporary Politics in the IGAD Region |
| 1.4.Regional Politics and Interstate Relations in the Region |
| 1.4.1 A Fluctuating Pattern of Conflict and Cooperation |
| 1.4.2 Common Agendas in the IGAD Region |
| 1.4.3 Historical Development of the IGAD |
| Conclusion |
| Chapter Two IGAD:Dynamics of Cooperation in a Regional Security Complex |
| 2.1 Introduction |
| 2.2 IGAD Region in light of Regional Security Complex Theory |
| 2.3 IGAD:Objectives,Organizational Structure and Mandates |
| 2.4 Pattern of Security Interaction and Interdependence in the IGAD RSC |
| 2.5 Assessment of IGAD’s Peacemaking Efforts |
| 2.5.1 The IGAD Peacemaking Effort in Sudan |
| 2.5.2 The IGAD Peacemaking Effort in Somalia |
| 2.5.3 The CEWARN and the Security Sector Program |
| Conclusion |
| Chapter Three Achievements and Challenges of IGAD in the Quest for Regional Peace and Security |
| 3.1 Introduction |
| 3.2 IGAD's Achievements |
| 3.3 IGAD's Challenges |
| Conclusion |
| Chapter Four Big Powers in the Horn of Africa:Examining China’s Engagement in the IGAD region |
| 4.1 Introduction |
| 4.2 Rethinking Big Power Engagement in the Region:An Overview |
| 4.3 China’s Engagement in Africa:Focus on the Horn Region |
| 4.3.1 China's Diplomatic Relation with IGAD members |
| 4.3.2 China’s Soft Power in the Region and Opportunities Created |
| 4.3.3 Characteristics of China's Engagement |
| 4.4 China's Economic Engagement and Opportunities for Change |
| 4.5 China's Security Interest,Contribution and Opportunities for Change |
| Conclusion |
| Chapter Five Towards a New Regional Cooperation:Prospects in light of new Dynamics |
| 5.1 Introduction |
| 5.2 Prevailing Regional Security Context and the IGAD's Concern |
| 5.3 Prospects of IGAD:Dynamics from within and the Coming of China |
| 5.4 Theoretical Reflection |
| Conclusion |
| Bibliography |
| Appendix |
| CV and Publication List |
| Acknowledgement |
四、Transnational Operation—Aim of the CATIC Group（论文参考文献）
- [1]后冷战时代小国在国际政治中的角色演变 ——孟加拉国和新加坡的案例研究[D]. Noor Mohammad Sarker. 山东大学, 2021(11)
- [2]New Developments and Challenges in the UN Norms on Human Rights Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations[J]. 孙萌,封婷婷,XU Chao. The Journal of Human Rights, 2020(06)
- [3]The Impacts of New Terrorism on Capital Movement ——Empirical Evidence from Regional Analysis[D]. Umer Shahzad. 山东大学, 2020(12)
- [4]中国一带一路在西非国家经济共同体中的实施：挑战与前景[D]. Sogoba Souleymane. 华中师范大学, 2020(02)
- [5]对非国家行为者使用武力 ——乌干达恐怖主义的透视[D]. MUHWEZI BYARUGABA JOSEPH. 大连海事大学, 2020(07)
- [6]中巴环境法比较研究 ——执法与未来路径[D]. MEHRAN IDRIS KHAN. 山东大学, 2020(07)
- [7]The Amazon Cooperation Treaty（ACTO） and the Brazilian Initiatives for the Preservation of the Rain Forest[D]. Martinez de Oliveira Jo（?）o Vitor. 华中师范大学, 2020(02)
- [8]生物技术政策的跨国融合 ——西非跨国性组织的对比分析[D]. PRISCILLA CHARMAINE KWADE. 中国科学技术大学, 2020(01)
- [9]语义翻译和交际翻译指导下的联合国文献翻译 ——以《年鉴快车1987》为例[D]. 王怡璇. 苏州大学, 2020(03)
- [10]非洲之角的地区和平与安全 ——伊加特面临的挑战与中国参与带来的机遇[D]. Assefa Leake Gebru. 华东师范大学, 2020(11)